IMPROVEMENT OF GRASS LAND 171 



loamy pastures. Its seeds are sometimes found as an 

 impurity in samples of red clover, alsike, trifolium, 

 dogstail, and Italian ryegrass seeds. It is either annual 

 or biennial, with tough, hard tap-root and stem, and 

 much cut or pinnate leaves, the leaflets being many 

 and small. The small flowers are white at the outside 

 of the umbel, and reddish-purple towards the centre; 

 in the fruiting stage the umbellules are arranged at 

 different heights, giving the compound umbel the form 

 of a cup-shaped structure resembling a miniature bird's 

 nest. Flowering takes place from June to August. The 

 scent and flavour resemble those of the cultivated 

 carrot, which was derived from the wild form. 



Wherever this plant occurs in meadow or pasture an 

 endeavour should be made to get rid of it. This may 

 be done in several ways: (i) By a general improve- 

 ment in the pasture or meadow ; (2) by cutting the 

 weed regularly to prevent seeding ; (3) by spudding 

 the plants before flowering ; and (4) in certain bad 

 cases, perhaps, by ploughing up and taking a root crop, 

 a practice which would not be favoured in the United 

 Kingdom, although it is recommended by the Canadian 

 Department of Agriculture (" meadow land infested 

 with Wild Carrot should be broken up and re- 

 seeded"), by the Ontario Agricultural College ("when 

 the field becomes badly infested it should be ploughed 

 and cultivated and treated to a hoed crop "), and by 

 the United States Department of Agriculture ("grub- 

 bing in the fall ; cultivation "). 



Upright Hedge Parsley (Torilis Anthriscus Gaert.) is 

 an upright slender annual, i to 3 feet high, with leaves 

 which are once or twice divided, the leaflets many and 

 lobed. The umbels are five- to twelve-rayed, and the 

 minute flowers are white or pink, and appear in July and 

 August. This weed occurs in hedges and waste places, 



