Care of the Young in the Animal Kingdom. 181 



instinct. Hence, the improved education of the 

 Lomechusa-larvae which is invariably attended by an 

 impaired education of their own larvae, is not owing 

 to intelligence on the part of Formica sanguined, 

 but to a disturbance of their normal, instinctive dispo- 

 sition, occasioned by nursing the strangers. 



What we have said here of the rearing of our 

 European Lomechusa strumosa by the sanguinea, has 

 its exact counterpart in North America, where the 

 larvae of Xenodusa cava, a species nearly allied to 

 Lomechusa, are educated by the North American race 

 of F. sanguinea, which Emery has named F. rubi- 

 cunda. Rev. H. Muckermann, S. J., of Prairie du 

 Chien (Wisconsin) has succeeded in finding also the 

 pseudogynous ant-form in an infested nest of F. \rubi- 

 cunda. In the Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoo- 

 logischen Gesellsc 'haft (1902 p. 98-108) I have given 

 an account of these observations, 1 which are illustrated 

 on Plate II of the "Verhandlungen." We give here 

 a copy of this plate, to show more clearly what pseu- 

 dogynes (fig. 3) are, and how they differ from the 

 normal queen (fig. 2) and the normal worker (fig. i) 

 of the same ant-species. The malefactor, Xenodusa 

 cava, is photographed in fig. 4. 



To be sure, at the first glance the care bestowed 

 by ants on other animal species, their guests or nest- 

 mates, often looks like intelligence. This explains to 

 a certain extent, why modern animal psychologists 

 attempted to utilize these occurrences as arguments 

 for the great intelligence of ants. This attempt was 



J ) Of late Father Muckermann himself has published an illustrated 

 account of his discovery in the "Entomological News," (Philadelphia), 

 December, 1904. 



