OF THE GOOD. 195 



the idea of freedom, it latterly, under the stress of 

 political circumstances, emphasised the further thesis 

 that freedom must stand under the control of reason 

 and obey the commands of the intellect. For it was 

 the intellect itself which was to supersede and control 

 the other powers of the human mind, as that factor 

 had moulded all human institutions, and, as it were, 

 precipitated its very essence in the various forms 

 of culture, among these, in the State and the Church. 

 In the monarchical form of government, with the Sovereign 

 as the head or personification of the State, with the union 

 of the Church and the State, in its foundations and 

 structure, Hegel saw the incorporation of the human 

 intellect and carried on a virulent polemic against 

 political and religious libertinism, against the fanciful and 

 immature theories of freedom which, as a sequel of the 

 revolutionary movement, were springing up all over the 

 continent of Europe. The different governments of 

 Germany looked upon the latter with suspicion, if not 

 with horror, and embraced a reactionary policy which 

 nevertheless — in a remarkable manner not easily under- 

 stood by foreigners — permitted and even included a very 

 high degree of intellectual freedom especially within 

 university circles and in university teaching. This state 

 of things which obtained in its purest form in the newly 

 organised state of Prussia, popular sentiment charac- 

 terised by terms such as : " Der Intelligenzstaat " or 

 " der Polizeistaat." It is easily seen how many of the 

 watchwords of German philosophy since Kant, such as 

 the Supremacy of the Practical Reason, the Autonomy 

 of the Will, the Rule of the Intellect, &c., could be 



