212 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



things. It is true that in the sequel this turned 

 out to be more a study of genealogies than of origins, 

 of historical development than of beginnings. The 

 second important feature was that phenomena were 

 studied not in their isolation but in their ' Together,' 

 great stress being laid upon environment. These two 

 aspects through which — as I have shown in an earlier 

 part of this work — Darwinism revolutionised the 

 natural, and especially the biological sciences, were 

 now pushed into the foregrovmd in philosophical studies 

 likewise ; they had already characterised, though in a 

 less defined manner, German philosophical thought, the 

 historical view mainly under the influence of Hegel's 

 philosophy, the notion of environment ever since Herder 

 published his ' Ideas towards a History of Mankind.' 

 Lotze had taken up this study in the most popular of 

 his works, the ' Microcosmus,' significantly adding to the 

 word History in the title of Herder's book, the word 

 ' Katural ' history. A third feature of Darwinism had 

 a still more direct bearing upon ethical questions. 

 Not only were human ideas conceived as having a 

 history and development in time, further as being 

 largely influenced by environment, but man was brought 

 into a closer relation with the rest of animated nature. 

 This was the third important point of view urged by 

 the Darwinians. 

 52. A considerable literature, all tending in the direction 



Anlhrop- 



oiogy. of Anthropology as complementary or opposed to 



Psychology, sprang up in the middle of the century 

 in association with the names of I. H. Fichte, Waitz, 

 Lazarus and Steinthal, Wundt, &c. About the same 



