276 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



arguments and speculations which have been put forth 

 from these different and distinct sides. They com- 

 prise the philosophical treatment of the problem of 

 the spirit or the religious problem, 



Eecent studies in Kantian philosophy, notably those 

 of the late Professor Paulsen of Berlin, have em- 

 phasised the fact that Kant's primary interest in the 

 whole of his philosophy was a religious interest, the 

 reconciliation of faith and knowledge, of religion and 

 science.^ This is acknowledged, as Paulsen has shown, 

 not only by those who with him esteem the labours 

 of Kant, but also by those who condemn him, be 

 it that they, with Haeckel, consider that Kant has 

 sacrificed the philosophical to the religious, or, with 

 Willmann, that he has sacrificed the religious to the 

 philosophical interest." The religious interest for Kant 



^ See supra, vol. iii. pp. 340-342, I pure truth, as naturalistic monism 



and especially the quotations given j teaches it, a danger for the State 



in the notes. i or for their own governing posi- 



- The following extract from 1 tion ; 'the fear of the Lord,' not 



Paulsen's Introduction ('Immanuel of the Heavenly One, is considered 



Kant,' 4th ed., 1904, p. 8 sqq.) is ' to be the original source of a fav- 



interesting, and may serve in the oured ' dualism ' ; as also Kant is 



place of fuller references to the said to have been brought, in his 



two writers najned in the text : later days, to reintroduce the three 



"The negative dogmatism or nat- main spectres — God, Freedom, and 



uralism with its verdict on Kant Immortality — after having, in his 



is represented in our times by E. younger days, already recognised 



HaeckeL In his ' Weltratsel ' Kant the truth of 'Monism.' . . . Not 



appears as the genuine representa- less contemptuous is the verdict 



tive of a retrograde academic phil- of positive dogmatism. Especially 



osophy which coquettes with the scholastic philosophy, roused again 



supernaturalism of an obsolete into a semblance of life, directs 



clerical belief ; depending upon the ' its many - voiced chorus of attack 



latter in order to find in the dark against the critical philosophy as 



regions of transcendental philos- the root of unbelief and of all 



ophy a hiding - place from the evil. Criticism as the fundamental 



intruding natural sciences, the form of subjective, erroneous, and 



ultimate compelling motive being ' destructive idealism is contrasted 



found in a regard for the with Thomism as the fundamental 



' powers that be,' who see in , form of constructive idealism. 



