508 PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT. 



or agencies which mould " each distinct civilisation as the 

 effect of a permanent force." They are race and epoch 

 [moment, momentum]. Thus race, surroundings, and 

 epoch are the three different sources which contribute 

 to produce the whole moral and social constitution. 

 " What we call the Eace means the innate and hereditary 

 dispositions which man brings with him into the world." 

 But " man is not alone in the world ; nature surrounds 

 him and his fellow-men surround him." And there is 

 yet a third series of causes ; for, " with the forces within 

 .and without there is the work which they have already 

 produced together, and this work contributes to produce 

 that which follows. Besides the permanent impulse 

 .and the given surroundings there is the acquired 

 piomentum," 



To illustrate this theory Taine wrote his ' History of 

 English Literature,' seeking in it " for the psychology of 

 a people," and the reason why he chose this special 

 subject is because " there are few nations that have, 

 during their whole existence, really thought and written." 

 " Besides there is a peculiarity in this civilisation, that, 

 apart from its spontaneous development, it presents a 

 forced deviation, it has suffered the last and most 

 .effectual of all conquests, and the three grounds whence 

 it has sprung, race, climate, the Norman invasion, may 

 be observed in its remains with perfect exactness : so 



respondante, ne me reprocheront 

 pas, sans doute, I'introduction de 

 cette expression nouvelle. Quant 

 a moi, la spontaneite avec laquelle 

 .elle s'est si souvent presentee sous 

 ma plume, malgre ma constante 

 aversion pour le n^ologisme s\'s- 

 tematique, ne me permet guere de 



douter que ce terme abstrait ne 

 manquat reellement jusqu'ici a la 

 science des corps vivans " ('Phil- 

 osophie Positive,' iii. p. 301 n.) 

 He makes extensive use of it in 

 his later work, and it has there 

 been rendered in English by the 

 term "environment." 



