PACKAGES, TRAINING, POLLINATION 93 



transplanted in August. The rows are formed from 

 eighteen inches to two feet asunder. The runners during 

 the first year are destroyed. In the second year, they 

 are suffered to grow and fill the interval and in the autumn 

 of that year the old rows are turned under with the spade 

 and the rows are thus shifted to the middle of the space. 

 This process is repeated every second year, often for ten 

 to fourteen years." The strip turned under was sown 

 to turnips. In 1845 A. J. Downing referred to this 

 method as "so superior to the common one of growing 

 them more closely in beds that we shall not give any direc- 

 tions respecting the latter." Still another method was 

 advocated by Pardee, in 1854: "Every year or two, if a 

 strong runner has struck itself beside an old plant, we 

 pull up the old plant instead of the runner and are con- 

 stantly thus renewing them." 



After the introduction of the Wilson, in 1854, broad- 

 cast and matted row training became general and planta- 

 tions were often fruited ten to fifteen years. At first 

 there was little or no attempt either to restrict the num- 

 ber of plants that set or to encourage the growth of new 

 plants to bear the crop of another year. Most growers 

 simply mowed and burned the leaves after the crop was 

 harvested without plowing or cultivating the land at all. 

 This "wholesome neglect," as it was called by its cham- 

 pions, was especially advised for the Wilson. In 1860 a 

 member of the Illinois Horticultural Society complained, 

 " I have a bed of Necked Pine so thickly matted a mouse 

 could not get through it. I get no fruit. How can I 

 keep them thin ? " O. B. Galusha replied, " Drag a harrow 

 through them." This was advanced ground at that time. 

 Methods of reducing the stand of plants, with plow, harrow 

 or hoe, did not come into general use until some years later. 



