2 , TOE- STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(3VjThe other sub-genus, Bos taurus, includes all cattle in 

 which the hump is absent, whether domesticated or otherwise. 



IV. From the testimony of the rocks, we know 

 that the ox existed in northern Europe prior to the 

 glacial period. 



(1) Whether the species then existing were the ancestors 

 of the breeds of the present time can never certainly be 

 known, but 



(2) It is more probable that the present types are the 

 descendants of cattle brought by the various migrations of 

 the human family as they journeyed westward. 



V. Cattle did not exist in America prior to its 

 discovery by Europeans. 



(1) The bovine races in America are all descended from 

 the cattle of Europe. 



(2) With but few exceptions they have been furnished 

 by Great Britain, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Spain. 



VI. It is generally supposed that the domes- 

 ticated cattle of Europe, including those of Great 

 Britain, have been derived from at least two distinct 

 species, namely the Bos primigenius or Bos urns, 

 and the Bos longifrons. j> 



(1) The Bos urus were of extraordinary size, strength r 

 and swiftness, and were withal very fierce. ^ 



(2) The Bos longifrons were small in size, short in body^" 

 and had fine, deer-like limbs. <^ 



(3) Other fossil specimens, formerly classified as &os<& 

 frontosus and Bos trochocerus, have more recently beeYi J 

 identified as belonging to one or the other of the afore\ 

 mentioned species. \ 



VII. There is much difference of opinion as \ 

 to whether the domesticated cattle of Europe and 

 America are descended from the Bos urus, or the 

 Bos longifrons, or from a blending of the two 

 species. 



(1) Some regard them as the degenerate offspring of the 

 former. 



(2) Others regard them as the improved offspring of the 

 latter, and 



