8 THE STUDY OF BREEDS. 



(2) Common cattle are those of mixed breeding, and of 

 what may be termed average development. 



(a) Their blood elements may and do vary exceedingly, 

 but they are usually possessed of some pure blood. 



(b) For various reasons their numbers are likely to con- 

 tinue to predominate. 



(3) Scrub cattle are those of inferior individuality. 



(a) They have not been improved by up-grading or cross- 

 ing, and 



(b) They are usually inferior in form and low in 

 performance. 



IV. The pure breeds of cattle in the United 

 States and Canada may be classified as beef, dairy 

 and dual-purpose. 



(1) Beef cattle are those which are chiefly valuable for 

 producing beef. 



(2) Dairy cattle are those which are chiefly valuable for 

 producing milk. 



(3) Dual-purpose cattle are those which are capable in a 

 fair degree of producing both meat and milk. 



V. Adaptation in the beef breeds. 



(1) They should usually be kept on the ranges and on 

 large arable farms where it is not practicable to milk them. 



(2) They suckle their calves up to the weaning period 

 and then go dry. 



VI. Adaptation in the dairy breeds. 



(1) They should be kept by dairymen who are chiefly 

 concerned in dairy production. 



(2) The calves not wanted for breeding should be sent 

 to the block at a comparatively early age. as 



(3) The dairy form becomes more pronounced with 

 advancing maturity, and the relative meat value correspond- 

 ingly declines. 



VII.- Adaptation in the dual-purpose breeds. 



(1) They should be kept on the arable farm where the 

 farmer is seeking a return in both meat and dairy products, and 



(2) They should invariably be milked and the progeny 

 reared by hand. 



VIII. The following- enumeration of the 

 breeds in America which belong to these respective 

 classes is submitted as being approximately correct : 



