LECTURE NO. 6. 



INDICATIONS OF CORRECT FORM AND FUNCTION IN 

 DUAL-PURPOSE CATTLE. 



L Dual-purpose cattle of pure and likewise 

 of mixed breeding have certain features of form 

 which they possess more or less in common. 



(1) These may be considered essential to good perform- 

 ance in the production of milk and meat. 



(2) The differences between them are such as relate 

 chiefly to size, to breed peculiarities in pure breds, and to 

 mixed blood elements in grades. 



II. The more important indications, impor- 

 tant, perhaps, in the order named, are : 



(1) Medium to large size for the breed or grade. 



(2) Good length and depth in the coupling, especially in 

 the females. 



(3) Good development of udder and milk veins. 



(4) Good constitution as indicated by good width through 

 the heart. 



(5) Head and neck inclining to long and fine, and 



(6) Ribs of medium spring, open spaced and covered 

 with a good handling skin. 



III. Lineage The best specimens are found 

 in the pure dual-purpose breeds, or in high grades 

 of these, but 



(1) Mixed blood elements are not seriously objectionable 

 in foundation animals of correct type, and 



(2) In breeding, well chosen pure bred dual-purpose sires 

 should be used. 



IV. Indications of correct form and function 

 given in detail : 



(i) Size The dual-purpose cow is large in form and 

 capacious in body, not massive like the high type beef animal, 

 neither coarse nor unduly refined, and possessed of what may 

 be termed a happy equilibrium in development. 



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