18 THE MAMMALS, REPTILES, AND FISHES OF ESSEX. 



taken out as the net is under-run and taken aboard, 

 when the same process is repeated in another place. 

 I have dwelt rather at length on this form of fishing 

 because I have not seen it employed elsewhere. 



Kettle, or keddell, fishing is only adopted to a limited 

 extent on the sandy shores of Foulness Island and 

 Shoebury. At one time, this was a very successful 

 plan, employed principally for the capture of the 

 various species of flat-fish which frequent the shallow 

 waters covering the sands at high tide. It resulted in 

 a fair number of Turbot being taken, although the hauls 

 were not confined exclusively to flat-fish, since any fish 

 passing between the entrances of the nets was almost 

 certainly retained. 



Kettles, which may be considered as fixed seines, 

 vary in shape, size, and plan in the different districts 

 of the kingdom where they are in use. In Day's 

 Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland (vol, i., p. ciii.), 

 there is an illustration of the kind in use for catching 

 Mackerel on the South Coast of England. In Foulness, 

 kettle-nets take the form of the letter V, and are either 

 set singly or two or more in a line, with the apex of the 

 V, which is furnished with a purse, pointing away from 

 the shore. These nets are about 120 yards long by 

 4 feet high. They are fixed in position by stakes driven 

 into the ground ; to these, both the head- and ground- 

 ropes are attached. Thus a wide area, shallowest 



