158 INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE 



discussion of the metaphysical theories of "epi- 

 phenomenalism," "parallelism " and " interaction." 

 Apart from frankly metaphysical specula- 

 tion, the possibilities are (1) to remain content 

 with an agnostic position, or (2) to push on the 

 scientific study yet farther. 



(1) We may illustrate the first possibility by 

 a quotation from Huxley (1863): "I must ad- 

 here to what seems to my mind a simpler form 

 of notation i. e. to suppose that all phenomena 

 have the same substratum (if they have any), 

 and that soul and body, or mental and physical 

 phenomena, are merely diverse manifestations 

 of that hypothetical substratum. In this way, it 

 seems to me, I obey the rule which works so well 

 in practice, of always making the simplest possi- 

 ble suppositions." . . . "My fundamental axiom 

 of speculative philosophy is that materialism 

 and spiritualism are opposite poles of the same 

 absurdity the absurdity of imagining that we 

 know anything about either spirit or matter" 

 (Huxley, 1863). 



(2) We may illustrate the second possibility 

 by a quotation from Prof. W. MacDougall: "We 

 observe a constant concurrence or concomitance 

 of events of the two orders the physical and the 

 psychical; and this constant concomitance leads 

 even the most unreflecting man to assume some 

 orderly relation between them. The fact of the 



