CONTENTS. vii 



CHAPTER V. 



Principles of classification Definition of Species Genus Family 

 Order Class Sub-kingdom Impossibility of a linear clas- 

 sification, 56-63 



CHAPTER VI. 



Elementary chemistry of animals and plants Chemistry of 

 animals Fats Albumen Fibrine Caseine Proteine of 

 Mulder Chemistry of vegetables Starch Cellulose Sugar 

 Albuminous compounds of plants, .... 64-69 



CHAPTER VII. 



Elementary structure of living bodies Protoplasm or Bioplasm 

 Molecules Cells The cell-wall The cell-contents The 

 nucleus Cell-multiplication, 70-76 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Physiological functions of animals and plants Animal and vege- 

 table functions Unicellular plants Foraminifera Vital force 

 as manifested in the digestive process of plants, . . 77-83 



CHAPTER IX. 



General phenomena of nutrition Assimilation Death Growth 

 Development Transformation Metamorphosis Law of 

 Quatrefages Provisional organs of young animals Absence 

 of sexual reproduction in larval forms Von Baer's law of . 

 development Retrograde development, . . . 84-96 



CHAPTER X. 



Reproduction Sexual reproduction Non-sexual reproduction 

 General phenomena of gemmation and fission Gemmation in 

 the Foraminifera Gemmation in the Sea-mat Gemmation 

 in Hydra Fission in Paramcecium Definition of the zoologi- 

 cal individual Zooids Internal gemmation of Polyzoa Al- 

 ternation of generations Reproduction of Hydractinia Re- 

 production of Clytia Structure of free medusiform zooids 

 Reproduction of the Lucernarida Parthenogenesis Of Aph- 

 ides Of Bees Law of Quatrefages Antagonism between 

 sexual reproduction and nutrition, .... 97-118 



