190 ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION 



in women nausea and vomiting, and in about 10 per cent of the people 

 diarrhea on the following day. After twenty-four to seventy-two 

 hours the symptoms have disappeared. 



Results. Kolle's method has been tested in Japan (1902), and 

 has apparently furnished reasonably satisfactory results, even though 

 the vaccination, as in the case of the antityphoid treatment, does 

 not afford protection in all cases. In a certain district occupied by 

 903,194 people, Murata vaccinated 77,907 individuals, the result 

 being that the morbidity among the latter was only 0.06 per cent., 

 as contrasted with 0.13 per cent., when compared with the total 

 population, and the mortality (calculated in relation to the morbidity) 

 only 42.5 per cent., as compared with 75 per cent. In actual 

 figures this means that of 825,287 non-vaccinated people 1152 people 

 contracted the disease, resulting in 863 deaths, while of 77,907 

 vaccinated individuals only 48 were taken ill and 20 died. 



Even more convincing than these figures are certain individual 

 observations. In two villages which were close to a large cholera 

 focus, and in which all the inhabitants had been vaccinated, not a 

 single individual was taken ill, notwithstanding a most active inter- 

 course between the people. 



In a branch office of the Formosa-camphor company all but three 

 individuals were inoculated (159). But one of the total number, 

 and this one a non-vaccinated person, developed the disease and died. 



Similar results have been obtained by Haffkine in India, so that 

 the conclusion seems justifiable that vaccination with suitable 

 material actually affords a considerable degree of protection against 

 Asiatic cholera, and should be enforced as far as possible in times 

 of epidemic. Coupled with modern sanitary methods, vaccination 

 should certainly remove a great deal of the danger which attaches 

 to this relic of medieval lack of civilization. 



PLAGUE 



Attempts at prophylactic vaccination against plague have likewise 

 led to encouraging results. Haffkine, who has done a great deal of 

 the pioneer work in this direction, thus gives some very con- 

 vincing figures. In the city of Hubli (British India), numbering 

 about 47,427 inhabitants, vaccination was begun on the llth of 

 May, 1898. From this date until the 27th of September 38,712 



