TURDUS. 303 



ear coverts yellowish white, tipped with dark brown ; supercilium none ; 

 wings like the back greyish brown or pale earthy brown ochraceous on the out- 

 side edges of the secondaries ; median wing coverts with conspicuous greyish 

 white tips ; greater wing coveris and innermost secondaries with obscure 

 pale tips ; tail brown, the outer feathers conspicuously tipped with whitish ; 

 under surface of body pale buff, darker on the breast and flanks, each 

 feather with a black terminal spot; under tail coverts margined with 

 brown on the basal half; chin and centre of belly with obscure spots, or 

 wanting them ; axillaries and under wing coverts white ; inner margins of quills 

 nearly white. Bill dark brown, yellowish- at base of under mandible ; leg's 

 and feet yellowish brown. 



The female is like the male,, but pa-ler in cotour above and below. 



Length. IO 6 to n inches; wing 6*5 to 6*55 ; tail 3*9 to 475 ; culmen 

 O'S8 to ri ; tarsus 1-25. 



Hab. Europe and Africa, extending to the Arctic circle ; also Turkestan, 

 the North- West Himalayas, and Southern Persia. Recorded from Kumaon, 

 Almorah, Nepaul, and Kotegurh. Breeds in Central Europe, and in the 

 vaHeys of the Beas and Sutlej at from 6,000 to 8,000 feet elevation during 

 April, May, and June. Nest, a large deep cup fixed in- the fork of a 

 tree. The core is said to be composed of clay and grass stems,, founded on 

 a lot of dry leaves* fern, &c., with an external coating of moss and lichen, 

 while internally there is a thick lining of soft grass. Eggs moderately broad 

 ovals, the ground colour varying from pale pink to a pale greenish grey, thickly 

 speckled and' spotted with brownish red' and" pale purplish pink. Size 1*17 ta 

 r2j6 inch in tength and 0*88 to-O'95 inch in breadth. 



370. TurdUS pilaris, Linn., Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 ; Scop. Ann. i. p, 

 133 ; Lath. Gen. Syn. Suppl. i. JV2*S7 ; Sharpe and Dresser, B. Eur. p. 379 1* 

 Seebohm, Cat. B. J8r..Mus. v. p. 2&\J.erd. B. Lid. i. p. 530. The FIELD- 

 FARE. 



Forehead and crown slate grey, each feather narrowly margined with brown 

 and with concealed dark centres ; nape pale slate grey ; back and scapu- 

 lars dark chestnut brown, with obseure pale centres to most of the 

 feathers ; rump- slaty grey ; lores and ear coverts blackish-; supercilium very^ 

 faint bumsh ; wings and. wing coverts dark brown with- very narrow pale 

 margins; primaries, primary coverts and a few of the outside wing coverts 

 with slate grey on all or part of the outer webs ;. secondaries and the inner- 

 most wing coverts with chestnut brown on all or part of the outer webs, and; 

 generally paler and greyer towards the tips ;. tail dark brown, slightly paler at 

 the tips of the outside feathers ; chin, throat and breast huff, each feather 

 having a nearly black fan-shaped terminal spot nearly obsolete on the chin,, 

 narrow on the throat, but very conspicuous on the cheeks and breast ;, th* 



