10 



coverts blackish, tipped with white ; quills dusky blackish, narrowly edged 

 with pale yellowish ; lores, sides of the head and face, round the eye and 

 under surface of the body bright yellow, the sides washed with greenish; 

 axillaries and under wing coverts as in the male. In winter the male loses all 

 the black of the upper parts except on the tail and wings, while the immature 

 have not the black even on the wings and tail. Feet and claws plumbeous ; 

 iris yellowish, olive grey, or hazel ; bill bluish, darker on the culmen. 



Length. $'i to 5*4 inches; wing 2-4 to 2-6; tail 1-85 to 2'o; tarsus 07 ; 

 bill from gape 07 ; culmen o'6. 



Hob.- The Punjab (?), N.-W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Rajputana, Central 

 India, the Central Provinces, Kutch, Concan, Guzerat, Deccan, South India, 

 British Burmah, Nepaul, and Sikkim. 



The Dwarf or White-winged Green Bulbul is common in all the places 

 mentioned above. Jerdon mentions Nagpore, Saugor, and Jaulnah as some 

 localities. It is a very widely spread species, and, owing to the changes 

 of its plumage is difficult to identify with any degree of certainty. In 

 Assam, Arrakan, Pegu, and Tenasserim it is abundant. Captain Wardlaw- 

 Ramsay met with it in Karenne. In the Indo-Burmese countries, Siam, 

 Cochin-China, and the Malay Peninsula to Singapore, it is abundantly met 

 with. It frequents orchards, low trees and brushwood, active, and restlessly 

 searching the twigs, leaves, and smaller branches for insects, which are 

 its chief food. It does not, according to Jerdon, confine itself to cultivated 

 ground, but is also a denizen of the open spaces of jungles. Its flight is per- 

 formed by a succession of quick vibrations of the wing, and causes a loud whir- 

 ring sound. When searching for food it keeps up a continuous loud warble 

 or a peculiar querulous note. 



The breeding season of this Bulbul is from May to September, building 

 usually on the upper surface of a horizontal bough at a height of from 10 to 25 

 feet from the ground. The nest is not unlike that of a Leucocirca. It is cup- 

 shaped, but not very compact, with an egg cavity of 2 inches diameter on an 

 average, and lined with fine grass stems. The general structure is of fine fibres 

 and grass, coated on the outside with cobwebs. The eggs, usually three in 

 number, are greyish white, or with a creamy or salmon tinge, streaked with 

 long pale brown, brown or reddish brown markings, confined chiefly to the large 

 end. In shape they are moderately broad ovals and slightly pointed at one end. 

 In size the average may be said to be 0'6 to 076 X 0*51 to 0-57. 



417. JEgithina nigrolutea* G. F. L. Marshall, Sir. F. 1876, 



p. 410; Hume, Str.F. 1877, pp. 134, 441 ; id. i878,p.454; id. 1879^.99; 

 Sharpe, Cat. B. Br. Mus. vi., p. 12. MARSHALL'S DWARF BULBUL. 



Adult Male in breeding plumage. Forehead, crown, occiput and nape 

 glossy black ; chin, throat, cheeks, ear coverts, breast, sides of neck, and a 

 broad half collar occupying the base of the back of the neck and upper back, 



