ANTHUS. 285 



1873, p. 412; Murray, Sir. F. 1878, ii. p. 109. Anthus agilis, Sykes, 

 P. Z. S. 1832, p. 91. Pipastes trivialis, Blyth, Ibis, 1867, p. 31 ; Gates, 

 B. Br. Burm. i. p. 172. Pipastes plumatus, Hume, Sir. F. 1873, p. 202 ; id,, 

 Nests and Eggs, Ind. B. p. 383. Anthus arboreus (Bechst.), Murray, Verl. 

 Zool., Sind, p. 170. The EUROPEAN OR WESTERN TREE PIPIT. 



Plead, nape, back and scapulars dusky olive green, the feathers centred 

 dark brown ; rump and upper tail coverts duller olive green, with no dusky 

 strire ; chin and throat fulvescent or fulvous white, with dark brown spots on 

 the throat ; rest of under surface fulvescent, olive on the flanks, and the under 

 tail coverts albescent ; the breast streaked with dark brown ; primaries, 

 secondaries and tertiaries dark brown, the primaries narrowly edged on their 

 external webs with pale white ; the secondaries and tips of the primaries 

 white, the tertiaries broadly margined with dusky olive ; the wing coverts 

 brown, with yellowish white tips ; tail brown, the feathers with pale edgings ; 

 the outermost feather white, except the basal fourth and margin of the inner 

 web to within one-fifth of the tip ; the next all brown, edged and tipped with 

 white. Bill dusky yellowish at base of lower mandible ; legs pale brown, 

 irides dark brown. 



Length. 6*5 inches ; wing 3*5 ; tail 2*5 ; bill at front 0*43 ; tarsus 0*8. 



Hab. Europe and India generally to Nepaul ; Sind, Punjab, N.-W. 

 Provinces, Oudh, Assam and British Burmah, Central and South India, 

 Beloochistan, S. and N. Persia, Afghanistan, Kutch, Kattiawar, N. Guzerat, 

 Jodhpore, and the Deccan. It is found over all India nearly during winter 

 arriving early in October and leaving about the end of April. Burmah 

 appears to be the extreme limit of this species. Some of the birds 

 remain in the Himalayas, which is about the most southern limit in Asia. 

 Hume, in " Nests and Eggs," speaks of the nidification of P. agilis, Sykes, 

 and P. plumatus, Mull., both of which are now considered to be the same 



ias Anthus trivialis. He says, all he knows of the nidification of this 

 species (P. agilis) is that a loose grass nest was sent to him containing 

 a single egg with a male bird shot off the nest in Upper Kooloo. The nest; 

 he says, was found on the snowy range beyond Spiti, at an elevation of pro- 

 bably 11,000 feet. The egg is a moderately broad oval, slightly compressed 

 towards one end, has a greyish white ground, and is thickly and minutely, 

 speckled and spotted all over with two different shades of rather pale dingy 

 purple. The description of the egg of P. plumatus is much the same as the 

 above. 



796. Anthus maCUlatUS, Hodgs., Icon. ined. in Br. Mus. Pas- 

 seres, pi. II8A. ; Bp. Consp. i. p. 248; Broolts, Str. F. 1876, p. 278; Ball 

 Str.F. 1877, p. 417; id., Str. F. 1878, ii. p. 219; Hume, Str. F. 1879, 

 p. 103; Reid, Str. F. 1881, p. 48; Butler, Cat. B. Sind, fyc., p. 41; 

 Davison, Str. F. 1883, p. 396. Anthus agilis (non Sykes), Jerd., B. Ind. ii. 



