viduals pass tbein without stopping during fall migration, 

 these same birds are sure to avail themselves of their hospi- 

 tality on their homeward journey at the end of winter and at 

 the expiration of their enforced exile. Of course these 

 remarks do not apply to all migrants, for there are some 

 species which are laggards in all their movements, and others 

 which are altogether too erratic, and which will postpone the 

 fulfilment of parental duties as long as possible, as for instance: 

 the Cedar-bird (Ampelis cedrorum Yiell.), which does not com- 

 mence breeding until nearly all other birds are nearly, or al- 

 together through with it. 



According to the length of time of the year during which 

 a species remains within certain boundaries it may be 

 referred to one of five divisions. The avifauna proper of a 

 state, however, consists of such birds which not only breed 

 within her precincts, but also remain throughout the remain- 

 der of the year not occupied by parental duties. These birds 

 constitute the "Residents." 



The second division is made up of such species which, 

 while they breed in the state, are not able to stand the changes 

 of temperature, and whose food-supply becomes exhausted (or 

 at least diminished) and are forced to migrate to warmer cli- 

 mates. Such birds are "Summer Residents." Others again, 

 which only pass the winter but breed in another locality, are re- 

 garded as "Winter Residents/ 7 and belong to the third divi- 

 sion. 



If, however, birds neither breed nor winter, and only 

 remain for a short period in spring and autumn, they are con- 

 sidered as "Migrants." 



The fifth, and smallest proportion of the birds of a state, 

 is made up of casual and rare visitors, which occur in limited 

 numbers, or even singly once in a while, and upon whose 

 movements within the locality no reliance can be placed. 



Since, however, the instinct of migration is so strongly 

 and permanently established in birds, and their powers of 

 locomotion so adequately developed, no positive statement of 

 occurrence or permanent record of the number of species for 

 any given locality can be made, and even a hypothetical list, 

 in which considerable latitude can be allowed, may be sur- 

 passed at any time. 



American ornithology (relating, of course, only to cari- 

 nated birds) is divided into eighteen orders. Seventeen of 

 these occur in the United States and Canada; the Sphenisci, 



