248 



BACTERIA IN RELATION TO PLANT DISEASES. 



('86). CERTES, A., ET GARRIGOU. De la presence con- 

 stante de micro-organismes dans ^les eaux 

 de Luchon, recueillies au griffon a la tem- 

 perature de 64, et de leur action sur la 

 production de la baregine. C. R. des se. de 

 1'Acad. des sci., T. cm, I&S6, pp. 703-706. 



('88) GLOBIG Ueber Bakterien-Wachsthum bei 50 

 bis 70. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. in, 1888, pp. 

 294-321. Rev. in Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. in, 

 1888, pp. 366-368. 



Globig obtained 30 sorts of bacteria which grew on 

 potato at 58 C. At 68 only a few of them continued to 

 grow. At 70 C. there were only scattering colonies, and 

 at higher temperatures there was no growth. These 

 organisms were not pathogenic to mice. As a rule, 

 growth began at about 50 C., i. e., about 13 degrees above 

 blood-heat. One would not grow at 37 C. or 50 C., but 

 grew at 60. One grew all the way from 15 or 20" C. to 

 68 C Spores were often formed in 24 hours. None of 

 these were from feces or sewage. Most were bacilli 

 (rods). 

 ('88). MIQUEL, P. Monographic d'un baoille vivant 



a au-dela de 70 centigrades. Ann. de 



micro., 1888, T. I, pp. 3-10. 



This organism will not grow at temperatures under 40, 

 nor above 72 C. Its optimum temperature is 65 to 70 C. 



('90). COHN, FERDINAND. Ueber Warmeerzeugung 

 durch Schimmelpilze und Bakterien. Vor- 

 trag., Breslau, 1890. 



('93). COHN, F. Ueber therniogene Bakterien. Ber. 

 d. Deutsch. bot. Gesellsch., Bd. xi, 1893, 

 Gen. Versarnlungs-Heft, pp. 66-69. 

 Conn found that when cotton wool waste was moist- 

 ened it reached a temperature of 67.2 C. in 24 to 36 hours, 

 and then slowly cooled (6 days) to the air-temperature. 

 When the same waste was sterilized there was no rise in 

 temperature. 



('94). MACFADYEN, ALLAN, AND BLAXALL, FRANK R. 

 Thermophilic bacteria. Journal of Path- 

 ology and Bacteriology, vol. in, 1894, pp. 

 87-99. See also Br. Med. Jour., No. 1,760, 



1894, p. 644. 



These authors obtained from garden soil an abundant 

 growth of thermophilic bacteria on agar at 60 to 65 C, 

 They also isolated these organisms from feces, sewage, 

 sea-water, dirt of London streets, Thames water, Thames 

 mud, straw, surface soil, and soil 5 feet 4 inches down. 

 These thermophilic bacteria are, therefore, most widely 

 distributed. There were guile a variety of species at least 

 twenty. All were bacilli ; all were spore-bearing. Some 

 were actively motile. Active motility continued for three 

 weeks in one hanging drop. The colonies developed very 

 rapidly in agar-plates. Fifteen sorts were tested as fol- 

 lows : None of them grew at 22^ or at 37 C. Horse-dung 

 organisms grew at 40 to 42 C. Six sorts grew slowly at 50 

 to 52 C., and more abundantly at 60 to 6s C. Two grew 

 first at 56, and four refused to grow at 56, but grew when 

 the temperature was raised to 60 C. None would grow 

 at 75. The lower limit of growth for nearly all was 50 

 C. and the upper near 75 C. Boiling for ten minutes did 

 not destroy these organisms. The optimum temperature 

 for growth is said to be 60 to 65 C. These organisms did 

 not ferment sugars and did not thrive on substrata con- 

 taining sugars, these substances seeming to retard growth. 

 One changed starch to sugar. 



Query : How do these organisms exist in a climate as 

 cold as that of Edinburg ? 



('95). RABINOWITSCH, LYDIA. Ueber die thermo- 

 philen Bakterien. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., Bd. xx, 



1895, pp. 154-164. Leipsic. 



These thermophilic organisms were found in snow, in 

 earth, in the dust of a street in Berlin. They were very 

 abundant in the water of the Spree (7,000 to 8,000 per cubic 

 centimeter). They are abundant in the dung of horses and 

 cows, and also more or less so in the excrement of goats, 

 rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs, mice, doves, hens, ducks, par- 

 rots. They occur in the whole digestive tract ot man. and 

 are found in certain fish, frogs, and some other cold- 

 blooded animals. Miss R. also found them abundant in 

 germinating barley in a brewery. They occur also in milk, 

 even after it is boiled. She isolated and studied 8 species. 

 All produced spores. None were pathogenic to mice or 



doves. The highest temperature at which any of them 

 would grow was 75 C., and growth at this high tempera- 

 ture was slight. There was an abundant growth at 58 to 

 68 C., and the optimum is said to be 60 to 70. They are 

 very resistant to moist heat and also to dry heat. They 

 were not killed by exposure to streaming sleam for 5 to 6 

 hours. While growing best at high temperatures, these 

 organisms can grow slowly facultative-anaerobically at 

 33 to 40 C., and the author thinks that they multiply in- 

 side warm-blooded animals. She found the temperature 

 of dung-piles as high as 62 to 66 C. 



('95). KARLINSKY, JUSTYN. Zur Kenntniss der Bac- 

 terien der Thermalquellen. Hygienische 

 Rundschau, 1895, Bd v, pp. 685-689. 



('96). TEICH, M. Beitrag zur Kenntniss thermo- 

 philer Bacterien. Hygienische Rundschau, 

 1896, Bd. vi, No. 22, pp. 1,094-1,095. 



('98). LAXA, O. Ueber einen thermophilen Bacillus 

 aus Zucker-Fabriksproduoten. Vorlaufige 

 Mittheilung. Zeitschr. f. Zuckerindustrie in 

 Bdhmen, Bd. xxn, 1898, p. 376. 

 Not seen. 



('98). OPRESCU. Studien iiber thermophile Bakterien. 

 Arch. f. Hyg., Bd. xxxm, 1898, p. 164. Rev. 

 in Centralb. f. Bakt., Bd. xxv, 1899, p. 360. 

 ('99). TSIKLINSKY, MLI.E. Sur les microbes ther- 

 mophiles des sources thermales. Ann. de 

 1'Ins.t. Pasteur, T. xni, 1899, pp. 788-795- 

 Bibliog. of 13 titles. 



The author isolated five thermophilic organisms from 

 hot springs. One form grew readily at 70 C. 



('99). MICHAELIS, GEORG. Beitrage zur Kenntniss 

 der therniophilen Bakterien. Arch. f. Hyg., 

 Bd. xxxvi, Hft. 3, 1899, pp. 285-293. Rev. 

 in Centralb. f. Bakt., xxvn Bd., 1900, p. 537. 



Describes and names four new thermophilic organisms. 

 All have three specific names, and one has four, to-wit : 

 Bacterium thermophilus aquatilis liquefaciens aerobius. 



('99). CAMBIER. Thermophilic bacteria as ferments, 

 action on glucose. Rev. de phys. et de chim., 

 1899, p. 223. 

 Not seen. 



('02). RUSSELL, H. L-, AND HASTINGS, E. G. A 

 Micrococcus, the thermal death limit of 

 which is 76 C. Centralb. f. Bakt., 2 Abt., 

 Bd. vin, 1902, pp. 339-342, i plate. 



('03). SETCHELL, WM. A. The upper temperature 

 limits of life. Science, n. s., vol. xvn, 1903, 



PP- 934-937- 



Hot springs were studied in three localities in Cali- 

 fornia and in Yellowstone National Park. Author found 

 only CyanophyceaJ and Bacteria in strictly thermal waters. 

 The Cyanophycese were found at 65 to 68 C., and spar- 

 ingly up to 75" to 77 C. The bacteria were abundant at 

 70 to 71, and occurred in considerable quantity at 82 C. 

 and 89 C. "The temperature of 89 C. is the highest at 

 which I have been able to find any organisms Hying." 

 Care was taken to determine the temperatures in the 

 exact places frequented by the organisms, so as to remove 

 the objection that lies against many of the earlier obser- 

 vations. 



XXXV. Resistance to Dry Air. 



('75). EIDAM. See xxxm. 



('92). MOMONT, L. Action de la >dessication, de 1'air, 

 et de la lumiere sur ila baeteridie char- 

 ilxmneifse nlamenteuse. Ann. de 1'Inst. Pas- 

 teur, 1892, T. vi, pp. 21-31. 

 SWAN, ALLEN P. On the resisting vitality of 

 the spores of Bacillus megaterium to the 

 condition of dryness. Annals of Botany, 

 vol. vn, p. 153-154, 1893- 



('93). 



