DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA GEOGRAPHICAL AND ALTITUDINAL. 



255 



('83). MNJUEL, P. Nouvelles recherches sur les bac- 

 teries atmospheriques effectuees a 1'observa- 

 toire de Montsouris. Ann. de 1'observatoire 

 de Montsouris pour 1'an 1883, pp. 391-437. 

 ('83). MIQUEL, P. De la purete en microbes de 1'air 

 des montagnes et de quelques districts de la 

 Suisse. La semaine medicale, 1883, pp. 274- 

 276. 



('83). GIACOSA, PIERO. Studii sui corpuscoli organ- 

 izzati dell'aria sulle alte montagne. Atti R. 

 Accad. d. sci. di Torino, vol. xviil, pp. 263- 

 272, 1883, I plate. 



('84). DE FREUDENREICH, ED. Des microbes de 1'air 

 des montagnes. La semaine medicale, 11 

 septembre, 1884, pp. 361-362. 



Relates to scarcity of bacteria in the air at high alti- 

 tudes. In the summer, in the Beruese Alps, in four places 

 at altitudes varying from 2.000 to 4,000 meters, a total of 2700 

 litres of air were aspirated without finding any bacteria. 

 The following summer tests were made on a glacier 2,900 

 meters high and on the summit of a mountain 2,366 

 meters high, vegetation reaching nearly to the top. On 

 the glacier 2,000 litres of air were aspirated in six por- 

 tions. Two of the sowings remained sterile. One gave a 

 micrococcus, another B. subtilis, one after more than 15 

 days gave a torula. and one a mold. " II nous resterait 2 

 bacteries pour 2,000 litres, soit un par metre cube." In 

 Bern the author says he obtains hundreds and thousands 

 of bacteria per cubic meter using the same delicate 

 methods. 



The experiments on the mountain yielded 8 bacteria 

 from 2,325 litres of air. 



('84). DE FREUDENREICH, EDOUARD. Recherches sur 

 les organismes vivants de 1'air des hautes 

 altitudes. Archiv. des sci. physiques et nat- 

 urelles, 3e Periode, T. douzieme, Geneve, 

 1884, pp. 365-387. 



Author shows that the purity of the air on mountains 

 is much greater than former writers have supposed. 



('84). MIQUEL, P. Des organismes microscopique de 

 1'air de la mer. La semaine medicale, 1884, 

 pp. 90-92. 



('84). HESSE, W. Ueber quantitative Bestimmung 

 der in der Luft Enthaltenen Mikrporgan- 

 ismen. Mitfrh. a. d. K. Gesundheitsajnte, 

 Berlin, vol. n, 1884, pp. 182-207. 

 ('85). MIQUEL, P. Septieme memoire sur les or- 

 ganismes microscopiques de 1'air et des eaux. 

 Annuaire de 1'observatoire de Montsouris 

 pour Fan 1885, pp. 467-611. 



The part relating to microorganisms in the sea-air 

 begins on p. 514. This subject is also treated inthereport 

 of the observatory for 1886, pp. 535-550. 



('86). BEUMER. . Zur Bakteriologie des Bodens. 



Deutsche med. Wochenschr., Bd. xn, 1886, 



pp. 464-466. 

 ('86). FISCHER, B. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen 



auf einer Reise nach Westindien. Zeitschr. 



f. Hyg., Bd. I, 1886, pp. 421-464. 



This paper discusses the microorganisms and spores 

 found in sea -air. 



('86). ADAMETZ, LEOPOLD. Untersuchungen iiber die 

 niederen Pilze der Ackerkrume. Inaugural 

 Dissertation, 78 pp., 2 Taf., Leipzig, 1886. 

 Rev. in Centralb. f. Bakt, 1887, Bd. I, pp. 

 8-10. 



('87). PETRI, R. J. Zusammenfassender Bericht iiber 

 Nachweis und Bestimmung der pflanzlichen 

 Microorganismen in der Luft. Centralb. f. 

 Bakt., Bd. n, 1887, pp. 113-118 und 151-158. 



('87). MAGGIORA, A. Ricerche quantitative sui micro- 

 organism! del suolo con speciale riguardo, 

 all'inquinazione del medesimo. Giornale 

 della R. Accademia de medicina di Torino, 

 1887, vol. xxxv. Series 3, pp. 153-172. 



('87). FRAENKEL, CARL. Untersuchungen iiber das 

 Vorkommen von Mikroorganismen in ver- 

 schiedenen Bodenschichten. Zeitschr. f. 

 Hyg., 1887, Bd. u, pp. 521-582. 



('89). REIMERS, JOHN. Ueber den Gehalt des Bodens 

 an Bacterien. Zeitschr. f. Hyg., 1889, Bd. 

 vn, pp. 307-346. 



('89). REIMERS, JOHN. Ueber den Gehalt des Bodens 

 an Bacterien. Inaug. Dissert. Jena, 1889, 

 8vo., 44 pp., Leipzig, Veit u. Comp. Re- 

 viewed in Centralb. f. Bakt., I Abt, Bd. x, 

 1891, p. 489. 



" Die Zone dieser plotzlichen Keimverminderung liegt 

 im Jeneuser Boden wie im Berliner zwischen i und 2 

 metres." 



('90). KRAMER. See in. 

 ('91). MANFREDI. See XLIII. 



('93). CRISTIANI, H. Analyse bacteriologique de 1'air 

 des hauteurs puise pendant un voyage en 

 ballon. Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur, T. vn pp 

 665-671. 



At elevations above the soil of i.oco meters and upward 

 the cultures remained sterile although iu each case 10 

 litres of air was allowed to bubble through the culture 

 media. Even at much lower levels the majority of 

 colonies are believed to have come from the earth indi- 

 rectly, i. e., by way of the balloon. 



('93). DUCLAUX, E. La distribution de la matiere 

 organique et des microbes dans le sol. Revue 

 critique. Ann. de 1'Inst. Paseur, T. vn, 

 1893, pp. 823-833. 



('97). MORITZ, Orro, UND NEUMANN, R. O. Ueber 

 einige bakteriologische Wasseruntersuchun- 

 gen im Atlantischen Ozean. Centralb. f. 

 Bakt. 2 Abt, Bd. xin, 1904, pp. 481-489. 



("99). LEVIN. Les microbes dans les regions arc- 

 tiques. Ann. de 1'Inst. Pasteur, T. xm, 1899, 

 PP. 558-567. 



The arctic air was tested in twenty places, approxim- 

 ately the same amount being filtered at each place. A 

 total of 21, 6po litres of this filtered air yielded three bac- 

 terial colonies and a few mold spores. The surface waters 

 of the arctic also contain few bacteria. Ninety samples 

 of water were taken from thesea at greatdepths (i.ooo to 

 3,000 metres). These samples also contained bacteria of 

 several kinds but in small numbers. The temperature at 

 this depth is below zero centigrade. "Tout un monde 

 de bacteYies existe a une temperature qui descend jns- 

 qu'a 2 an dessous de ze>o." 



Coi). GAZERT, HANS. Bakteriologische Aufgaben 

 der deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition. Peter- 

 martns geogr. Mitteil., Bd. XLVII, 1901, pp. 

 I53-I55. 



Coi). BELLI, C. M. Chemische, mikroskopische und 

 bakteriologische Untersuchungen iiber den 

 Hagel. Hyg. Rdsch., Berlin, Bd. xi, 1901, 

 pp. 1,181-1,187. 



('02). BINOT, JEAN, fitude bacteriologique du massif 

 du mont Blanc. Nature, Paris, (ler semest.), 

 1902, pp. 359-362, av. fig. C. R. des se. de 

 1'Acad. des sci., T. cxxxiv, 1902, pp. 673-676. 



