430 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS 



of meat poisoning similar to the one described by Gartner, in which 

 similar bacteria were isolated, were those described by Van Ermen- 

 gem, 1 occurring at Morseele in 1891, the one described by Hoist, 2 the 

 Kotterdam epidemic described by Poels and Dhont, 3 the one described 

 by Basenau, and many others. 



Bacillus Morseele of Van Ermengem, Bacillus bovis morbificans of 

 Basenau, 4 and bacilli isolated in similar epidemics by others, are, ex- 

 cept for slight differences in minor characteristics, almost identical 

 with Gartner's microorganism. 



In 1893, Theobald Smith and Moore 5 noted a great similarity be- 

 tween the so-called hog-cholera bacillus, the bacilli of the Gartner 

 group, and Bacillus typhi murium isolated by Loeffler. These ob- 

 servers first used the term "hog-cholera" group for the organisms 

 under discussion. 



In 1899 Reed and Carroll 6 noted that Bacillus icteroides, asso- 

 ciated by Sanarelli with yellow fever, was culturally similar to the 

 bacillus of hog cholera. 



Meanwhile, other observers had been isolating bacilli, similar to 

 those spoken of above, from cases of protracted fevers in human 

 beings, often closely simulating typhoid infections. The first cases of 

 this kind on record were those of Achard and Bensaude. 7 



In 1897, Widal and Nobecourt 8 described a bacillus which they had 

 isolated from an esophageal abscess following typhoid fever, which 

 closely resembled Bacillus psittacosis of Nocard, 9 and which, following 

 a nomenclature previously suggested by Gilbert,- 10 they designated the 

 paracolon bacillus. This microorganism, isolated from a parrot by 

 Nocard, showed a close resemblance to bacilli of the Gartner group. 



There are a large number of apparently nonpathogenic organisms 

 sometimes referred to as paratyphoid C, but better perhaps as ' l hetero- 

 genous types," which are culturally identical with the paratyphoid 



1 Van Ermengem, Bull. Acad. d. m6d. de Belgique, 1892; "Trav. de lab. de 

 Puniv. de Gand," 1892. 



2 Hoist, Ref . Cent. f. Bakt., xvii, 1895. 



3 Poels und Dhont, Holland Zeit. f. Tierheilkunde, xxiii, 1894. 



4 Basenau, Arch. f. Hyg., xx, 1894. 



6 Th. Smith and Moore, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry Bull., vi, 1894. 



6 Reed and Carroll, Medical News, Ixxiv, 1899. 



7 Achard and Bensaude, Bull, de la soc. d. h6pitaux de Paris, Nov., 1906. 



8 Widal et Nobecourt, Semaine me"d., Aug., 1897. . - 



9 Nocard, Ref. Baumgarten's Jahresb., 1896. 

 10 Gilbert, Semaine me"d., 1895. 



