268 DR JOUNSTO^j's DESCRIPTIVE CATALOCHJE OF THE 



2. L. radis, bIioU ovato, vontvicose, obscurely striated in a spiral 

 direction ; wlioi'ls fiv^e, rounded, well defined by the suture ; jjillar 

 and margin of the lip whitish, the throat brown or purple. 

 Leng-th -iVths, breadth -iVths Turbo rudis, Fcem. Br. Anim. 298. 



Var. a. Shell of a uniform pale dusky yellow, the spiral stria3 

 impressed. Turbo rudis, JTont. Test. Brit. 304. Muton and 

 Racket, in Lin. Trans, viii. 159, tab. -1, tig. 12, 13. Lam. Anim. 

 8. Yert. vii. 49. 



Var. b. Shell a uniform flesh-red, the spiral strife often raised. 

 Turbo rudissimus. 



Tar. c. Shell a uniform purplish red, the spiral striae raised 

 into sharp ridges. Turbo jugosus, Mont. Test. Brit. p. 586. 



Var. (1. Shell white or with two dusky bands, the spiral stria) 

 elevated into ridges. T. jugosus, var. Mont. loc. cit. 



llab. On rocks at higli-water mai'k or above it, abundant. 



This never attains one lialf the size of the preceding, and is certainly a very 

 distinct species, clustering in myriads in crevices of rocks at or above thb 

 highest tides, and very rarely descending to the zone of the common 

 wrack (Fucns vesiculosus), ■which is the favonrite walk of L. littorea. 

 All the varieties are to be found intermixed, but many excellent naturalists 

 consider those on wliich the striaa rise into ridges as distinct from the 

 smoother kind, an opinion which I do not adopt, believing that this 

 character may be dependent partly on age and partly on differences in 

 the external influences to which they have been exposed. The animal 

 is not streaked and spotted, but of a uniform colour with a dusky line 

 along the outer side of the tentacula ; and it is, as Mr Boys lirst stated, 

 viviparous, the females carrying their innumerable young, immersed in 

 a cluster of jelly and arranged in transverse rows, within the branchial 

 cavity, where they may be found at all seasons. The penis of the male 

 is very large, retroflected, linear-oblong, compressed, serrulate on the 

 outer side. Copulates in November ; and very small individuals may be 

 found in sexual union at this period of the year. 



3. L. sa.vatilis, shell subglobose with a small raised spire, regularly 

 chequered with square spots on a white or yellow ground, spirally 

 striate or grooved ; whorls four, rounded, the body very large ; 

 aperture dark purple with a pale margin. Diam. 2 lines. Bea7i. 



Hah. On rocks near low-water mark, which are bare of weed but covered with 

 Balani. 



Captain Brown, in his Illustrations of Conchology, has given, in plate 46, two 

 figures, No. 7, 8, of a variety of Turbo littoreus, which seem to have been 

 drawn from specimens of this species, but of a much larger size than any 

 I have seen. If a variety, it certainly does not belong to the L. littorea 

 but to L. rudis, with which it is found occasionally intermixed ; but Mr 

 Bean and Mr Alder, both very experienced conchologists, consider it 

 distinct. The latter remarks : — " It is not uncommon on rocks between 

 high and low water mark, and in (wliat 1 take it ro he) its full grown 

 state, has the margin of the aperture nearly continuon.?, with a slight 

 depression behind it. Thei-e is a black variety of it which is verj' similar 

 to T. tenebrosus ; but the latter species, so far as I know, is never found 

 on rocks, bat always in muddy estuaries." 



