Synopsis of Chapters. 



and Frencli physiocrats — His estimation of the services required 

 of the landlord by the rest of the community, and his opposition 

 to the idea of an impot unique — His explanation of the true na- 

 ture of the terms, money, labour, and wealth ; and his division 

 of public riches under the heads, rents, wages, and profits — His 

 errors regarding the nature of the agricultural industry and 

 forms of unproductive labour shown not to lessen his true esti- 

 mation of the position of the labourer, it being far more accu- 

 rate than, and preferable to, that of either Quesnai or Eicardo — 

 The various theories regarding rents, and the relationship of 

 landlords with the public — Mercantilist views on the import- 

 ance to trade of the landlord's and farmer's welfare — Adam 

 Smith's and the Andersonian theories regarding landlords' 

 profits — The relationship of the thi-ee wealth-producing classes 

 with each other, and with the entire community — The Eicar- 

 dian theory of the effects of rents on prices and profits, and 

 the ''margin of cultivation" explained — Marshall's division 

 of the term rents under the heads rents and quasi-rents — New 

 theory of rents to meet the altered circumstances of free trade 

 foreshadowed — The services rendered by later economists, such 

 as John S. Mill, Conte, Carlyle, Euskin, and the socialist school 

 shortly described 110-130 



CHAPTEE YII. 



THE LANDED INTEREST IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE COMMUNITY. 



How the relationship of the Landed Interest with the society was 

 affected by physiocratic teaching — The national interest in 

 agriculture aroused — The intimate connection between politics 

 and husbandry proved, and the rights of the commitnity to 

 interfere with questions of land tentire and cultivation to a 

 limited extent justified — The capabilitj* of British soil to con- 

 tribute more than it actually did at this period to the national 

 wealth demonstrated bj- the statistics of Canon Harte, Charles 

 Smith, and Arthur Young — Wallace's and Stewart's theories 

 on the public utilitj- of agriculture, and Young's criticisms on 

 their respective views— The problem as to the advantages 

 accruing from the employment of the bulk of the population 

 in agriculture or in manufactures examined — The relationship 

 of the population with the national wealth stated from Eicardo's 

 standpoint — Young's belief that the agricultural industry was 

 alone worthy of State favours, and his championship of the 

 system of bottnties as being most conducive to the production 

 of direct human food — His defence of bounties against mer- 

 cantilist attacks — The controversy over the reclamation of a 

 Yorkshire waste — Young's adverse views on the manufacturing 

 interests as sources of national prosperity — His fallacious 

 reasoning with regard to the good effects of cheap labour and 

 high-priced provisions on the national purse — The proposed 

 subdivision of landed properties into estates of such a size 

 as would be best adapted to contribute the greatest possible 

 amount of public good — Young proves that the land can be 

 both under and over divided — Mirabeau's views on the subject 

 — The good effects of proprietarj- rights on the agricultural 



