DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 533 



had been buried under its covering of "glacial till" formation through 

 which the Pasadena colonists were digging down for their reservoir basin, 

 when they found this particular nest of stone relics. And that this Arroyo 

 channel might easily have been started by an earthquake seam, is proved 

 by what really did happen in this region in 1857, an account of which I here 

 quote from the Thompson & West ' ' History of L,os Angeles county ' ' 

 [1880], page 53: 



"At about half-past eight o'clock, on the morning of January 9, 1857, 

 occurred one of the most memorable earthquakes ever experienced in the 

 southern country. At I^os Angeles the vibration lasted about two minutes, 

 the motion being from north to south. The Los Angeles river leaped from 

 its bed, and washed over the adjacent land. A new bed was opened to the 

 San Gabriel river, which divided its waters, making two streams of what 

 was before but one. At San Fernando two buildings were thrown down, 

 and not far away a large stream flowed out from a mountain where hitherto 

 no water had been ; and a similar phenomenon was observed at Paredes, 

 thirty-five miles southeast of Los Angeles. In the vicinity of San Fernando 

 a large fissure opened in the side of a high mountain, from which hot gas 

 rushed forth, heating the neighboring rocks to such a degree that the hand 

 could scarcely touch them. But it was in the vicinity of Fort Tejon that 

 the full force of the shock exhausted itself. Here the ground opened for a 

 distance of from thirty to forty miles a chasm ten to twenty feet wide, ex- 

 tending from northwest to southeast, in an almost straight line ; then closed 

 again, leaving a ridge of pulverized earth several feet high, and in many 

 places quite impassable. Large trees were broken off like pipe-stems, and 

 cattle grazing upon the hill-sides rolled down the declivity in helpless fright. 

 Here the buildings were all injured to such an extent that ofBcers and 

 soldiers were obliged to live in tents." 



The stone-age people who dwelt on our Reservoir Hill were, in my 

 opinion, of as early date (possibly even earlier) as those whose remains were 

 found by Prof. Whitney far under the lava beds of Table Mountain, in 

 Calaveras county. Those Table Mountain proofs of man's existence in 

 California prior to the lava flow have been under critical discussion in the 

 scientific world for thirty years past, and their place in archaeology is now 

 pretty well settled. And from Prof. Wright's article in the Atlantic Monthly 

 [April, 1 891] I again quote, giving his statement as to the conditions of 

 vegetable and animal life which then existed : 



' ' Primeval man in California found shelter in forests very similar to 

 those which on the discovery of America by Columbus, covered the whole 

 eastern part of the continent. The elm, the birch, the willow, the poplar, 

 the sycamore, the gum tree, the magnolia and the maple spread for him 

 their protecting branches, while the beech tree, as well as the oak and the 

 fig, added its fruit to his limited stock of vegetable food," 



" The llama, an ally of the camel, and now confined to South America, 

 was another companion of man in California at that time." [The rhinoceros, 

 several species of horse, cow, and deer, and the inevitable wolf were also 

 here.] "Whether the race of men whose remains are found under Table 

 Mountain [and at Pasadena] became extinct with the horse, rhinoceros and 



