DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 



541 



GE;0X.0GIC AL, CHARX; 



Including the Rock Scale of Geologicjil Periods and the "Zoic Calendar of Creation." Compiled 

 from the works of Agassiz, Lyell, Huxley, Hteokcl, Dana, LaConte, an'l other first rank authorities is 

 Science at the present time. ByH. A.Reid, a.m.,m.d, Secretary State Academy of Sciences at Des Moines, 

 Iowa. [Published by permission of the Author.] 



Explanation. — The side line 

 at Hie left shows what portions of 

 theological time are comprehended 

 fn the terms *'eozoic," " paleo- 

 zoic," etc. The first column 

 shows the periods or "A<:es" of 

 geological time during which the 

 different successive types of ani- 

 mal life predominated, or were the 

 highest types then in existence. 

 And these- owo divisions form the 

 "Zoic Calendar of Creation." 



The second column shows the 

 great general groupings of rock 

 strata,in which are found the fossil 

 remains of the corresponding ani- 

 mal types named in the first col- 

 umn. But. at the "Age of Rep- 

 tiles" occurs a grand divergement, 

 for it was during this age that an- 

 imal life pushed out into its most 

 wonderful developments; and 

 there came into existence strange 

 and marvelous forms of swimmiug 

 reptiles, four-footed and two-foot- 

 ed walking reptiles, and two-foot- 

 ed and four-footed flying reptiles. 

 Here also the true birds began to 

 appear, though with reptilian pe- 

 culiarities; and likewise the mar- 

 supial animals, which are a tran- 

 sitional type, between rentiles 

 that produce their young by laying 

 eggs and the true mammals, that 

 bring forth their young well ma- 

 tured and then suckle them. 



The third column shows the les- 

 ser groupings of rock beds as clas- 

 sified by our American geologists; 

 but many minor subdivisions and 

 local groups are omitted for want 

 of space. At the top of this col- 

 umn are shown the geological pe- 

 riods of first appearunce ol races 

 of man, so far as now auihentica- 

 ted by competent scientific au- 

 thorities.* 



The fourth column shows the 

 number of feet in thickness of the 

 difi"erent groups of rock layers as 

 indicated by the braces. 



This Chart is the most compre- 

 hensive and thorough iu its de- 

 tails, and yet the most systemati- 

 cally and graphically presented to 

 the e)e, of anything in its line 

 that has ever yet been published. 

 Here is the whole story of geol- 

 ogy and the ascent of life con- 

 densed iuro the space of a few 

 inches, yet so plainly set forth as 

 to readily fix itself iu the memory 

 like an outline map. Scientific 

 terms in aewspapers and maga- 

 aines often catch the reader at a 

 disadvantage; but a reference I0 

 this chart will at once show the 

 relative place or period in crea- 

 tional progress to which the best 

 authorized geological terms apply. 

 It reaches, like a Jacob's ladder, 

 from the lowest inklings to the 

 highest ideals of life on the earth, 

 as taught by modem science and 

 Ihe Christian Bible. 



THIS CALENDAR IS TO BK READ FROM THE BOTTOM UPWARD. 



AGE OF ANGELS, 



ee Psalms 8:5 Luke 20 

 Mark 12:25 1 Cor.l5:44 

 Heb.2:2to9 ReT.22:S,9 



-(a.g'e of 



MAN. 



Age of 



MAMMALS, 



Age OF 



Reptiles. 



Age of 



Amphibians 



Age of 

 FISHES 



Recent- 



Quaternary. 



TERTIARY. 



Terrace Epoch. 



Champliun Epoch. 



GLACIAL EPOCH. 



Feet in 



thickness 

 of the 

 geulogical 

 groups of 

 rock form- 

 ations. 



500 



Pliofene. 



Miocene. 



Eocene. 



Cretaceous. 



J 



JURASSIC. 



B,000 



9,000 



800 to 

 1,000 



TRIASSIC. 



^3,000 to 

 I 5,000 



Carboniferous 



Devonian. 



AGE 



OF 



INYERTEBRATES 



Upper Siiman. 



Lower Silnriaii. 



AGE OF ZOOLITHS 



"Thla A^e alone was 

 probably longer In dura- 

 tion ihan all subsequent 

 eeoloffical lime." — Pbof. 

 LeCONTE. 



Primordial Vegeiaiion 



Eozoon RocUs.. 



Graphite Beds. 



Coal 



L 6,000 to 



Measures. 1 I'^-s^o 



Sub-Carboniferous, i 



9,050 to 

 14,400 



L 6,000 »o 

 10,000 



12,000to 

 15,000 



ilO.OO 

 f 20; 



.OOOto 

 000 



Metamorphtc Granitei. 



FIRE CRUST. 



C"livr''hl l-ilM.-H A.Reid 



350,UUll,(iliu Tears ID cooling 



QC I down to 200"" F. at the tor- 



[Prop. Helmhoi.tz], a 



temperature at wbirh Tery 



luw forms of vticetation can 



exist. 



saooo 



Daptk 

 HA know*. 



i • " The eii«ence of Pliocene man m Tuscans- it. tnen. in rnv opini in. in acuuin^d inentiSc f,%ct.'- — Se« Appietoos' IncerukUona! ScieDtiA* 

 Seres, Vol. XXVd, p. 151. •' The Miocene man at La Beai:co alraaJj- knew the as« ol tire, and worked flint." — lb. p. 24a. See also. Prof 

 Winchell'f "Pie-Adac.:te3," pp.42l>-1-». " Tbe baman race m Aicenoa ,« Juown to be at leasiof as ancient a date &» mat of ine Euroina* 

 Pliocem..'— Prof J. U.Whitney. ShuiU/ vUwt an tsld by lV>f9. Letdv. Marib, Copa, Moru. Wymao, aud ottl«!r scleoH.U of h.jheit repot. 



