DIVISION EIGHT — SCIENCE. 553 



F. M, Underwood, a well-known mine prospecter of Pasadena, claims 

 that he found outcrops of shale formation at sundry points west-by-north 

 from Pasadena, which showed that the shale beds at Columbia Hill were 

 part of a continuous stratum of oliferous shales extending from the oil 

 wells of Newhall and Saugus in a line southeastward to those of Puente. 



GLACIER ACTION IN PASADENALAND. 



When I learned of the circumstances and conditions under which stone 

 implements were found deeply buried in Reservoir Hill, in February, 1874, 

 as described in the chapter on " Prehistoric Man in Pasadena," it became 

 necessary to seek a geological explanation of the case ; and for this purpose 

 there were two resources — earthquake phenomena and glacial phenomena. 

 No waiter to my knowledge had at that time supposed or suggested that the 

 glacial epoch of geology had extended its Pacific coast ice mantle as far 

 south as Ivos Angeles.* But when I began to study the Reservoir-Hill 

 problem in that light, I soon discerned that Pasadenaland had been the 

 scene of a series of terrace lakes, which were a feature of the glacial 

 period ; and thus our ancient stone relics came to be reckoned as cotemporary 

 with glacial phenomena in this.valley, notwithstanding previous opinions that 

 no glacier work had occurred so far south. My conclusion on this point was 

 first publicly announced in an address before the Pasadena Fortnightly Club, 

 February 27, 1894. There was present in the audience Mr. J. B. French, 

 who had formerly been a working member of the Western Reserve His- 

 torical Society at Cleveland, Ohio, and associated therein with Prof. Geo. 

 Frederick Wright, who stands preeminent as an authority on glaciology. 

 Mr. French had himself done some field work on this line in Ohio, and was 

 much interested in my discoveries here at Pasadena, for he had previously 

 noticed what looked like ' ' glacial till ; ' ' but being under constraint of the 

 common doctrine that glaciers did not reach so far down the coast, he had 

 said nothing about it. He now mentioned the matter to me, and we there- 

 after took many trips together in search of glacier footprints, finding them 

 numerous and well defined at many points within a radius of three to five 

 miles from Pasadena's business center. 



In connection with this matter I recalled that in 1885 [July 15, see foot- 

 note, p. 418] I had noticed at Devil's Gate some very singular markings 

 on large rocks or boulders there — had pointed them out to friends at the 

 time, and tried to explain them by some theory of an ancient waterfall, with 

 sand, gravel and cobblestones washing over and wearing those peculiar 

 marks on the rocks. Any suggestion of glacier marks would have been 

 rank geological heresy at that time, and it did not occur to me ; but now, 



* " Prior to the autumn of 1871, the glaciers of the Sierra were unknown. In October of that year I 

 discovered the Black Mountain glacier, between two peaks of the Merced group, * * not expecting 

 to find any active glaciers so far south in the land of sunshine." — John Muir, '■ Mountains of California." 

 p. 28. Mr. Muir reports 65 glaciers still existing in California that he has himself seen, at elevations from 

 9,500 feet to 11,000 and 12,000 feet. 



