204 On the Construction of Kitchen 



brick-work in which the boilers and saucepans are set 

 projects out into the room, and the smoke is carried off 

 by flues that are concealed in this mass of brick-work, 

 and in the thick walls of an open chimney fire-place 

 which, standing on it, on the farther side of it, where it 

 joins to the side of the room, is built up perpendicularly 

 to the ceiling of the room. At the height of about 

 12 or 15 inches above the level of the mantel of this 

 open chimney fire-place, the separate canals for the 

 smoke concealed in its walls end in the larger canal of 

 this fire-place, which last-mentioned larger canal, sloping 

 backwards, ends in a neighbouring chimney which car- 

 ries off the smoke through the roof of the house into 

 the atmosphere. 



A horizontal section of this open chimney fire-place, 

 at the level of the upper surface of the mass of brick- 

 work on which it stands, may be seen Plate IX., Fig. 5. 

 In this section the vertical canals are distinctly marked, 

 which carry off the smoke from the boilers into the 

 chimney, as also the stoppers which are occasionally 

 taken away to remove the soot, when these canals are 

 cleaned. These stoppers, which are made of earthen- 

 ware burnt like a brick or tile, are 8 inches long, 6 inches 

 wide, and 3 inches thick, and on their outsides they 

 have two deep grooves that form a kind of handle for 

 taking hold of them. When they are fixed in their 

 places, their joinings with the door-way into which they 

 are fitted are made tight by filling up the crevices with 

 moist clay. The canals are cleaned by means of a strong 

 cylindrical brush, made of hogs' bristles fixed to a long 

 flexible handle of twisted iron wire. 



The open chimney fire-place was constructed in order 

 that an open fire might be made on its hearth (which, 



