: ORXITHOLOGY OF THE ORINOCO REGION. 247 



PIPRIDAE THE MANIKINS. 



The writer has observed and collected seven- species in the immedi- 

 ate valley of the Orinoco. Six of the seven species are included in 

 Berlepsch and Hartert's paper, together with two additional species 

 received by the Tring Museum from points on the Caura River. 



Eleven species of manikins are included in the present list. 



With one exception the species observed by me were seen only 

 at points on the Upper Orinoco, that is, not below the falls of Atures. 

 The exception was an example of Pipra aureola collected in the delta 

 region at Las Barrancas. 



KEY To THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF GENERA OF PIPRIDAE. 



a. Size large; wing more than 95 mm ................................ Laniocera ' hypopvrrha. 



a'. Size smaller; wing less than 95 mm. 



b. Tail short, the outstretched feet reaching to or beyond its end. 

 c. Breast without dark striations. 



d. Breast white, uniform with throat on which the feathers are 



elongated ................................................ Manacus manacus interior. 



d'. Breast not white. 



e. Back blue ............................................. Chiroxiphia pareola. 



e 1 . Back not blue. 



/. General color above and below olivaceous (for both sexes). 

 g. Outermost rectrix much narrowed and shortened; and 



with a large bright yellow vertical crown patch ......... Tyranneules- virescens. * 



g'. Outermost rectrix not abnormal and crown patch absent 

 or represented by a few concealed pale yellow spots 

 on anterior part of crown ............................ Tyranneules stolzmanni. 



f. General color not olivaceous. 

 g. Throat, breast and belly black. 



h. Crown white ..................................... Pipra pipra pipra. 



h'. Crown bright orange yellow ....................... Pipra erylhrocephala erythro- 



cephala. 

 g'. Breast crimson, shading into orange chrome on upper 



throat ............................................. Pipra aureola aureola. 



c'. Breast striated ............................................. Machaeroplerus pyrocephalus. 



b'. Tail longer; outstretched feet not reaching to end of tail. 



c. Shafts of outer tail-feathers elongated, thread-like at tip ........... Cirrhipipra filicauda. 



c'. Shafts of outer tail-feathers not lengthened. 



d. Upper throat white in sharp contrast with chestnut of lower 



throat and breast ......................................... Heterocercus flavivertex. 



d'. Upper throat not white, not in sharp contrast with color of lower 



throat and breast. 

 e. With a yellow crown patch .............................. Neopelma igniceps. 



e'. No crown patch, general color above brownish olive. 



/. Head not tinged with rufous ........................... Scotolharus turdinus olivaceus. 



f. Head strongly tinged with rufous ....................... Scotolharus turdinus amazon- 



um. 



CIRRHIPIPRA FHJCAUDA (Spix). 



Pipra filicauda Spix. Av. Bras. II, 1829, p. 5. PI. 8, figs, i, 2. 

 Cirrhopipra filicauda Berlepsch & Hartert, p. 52. 



Not observed in going up the river until in the region of the second 

 falls, where, about 'Maipures, it was abundant. 



'I follow Mr. Ridgway in placing Laniocera with the Pipridae, notwithstanding its general resem- 

 blance to Lathria and Lipaugus, for the tarsus is certainly exaspidean. 

 ^Tyranneules Sclater and Salvin, Ibis 1881, p. 269. 

 'Reported from British Guiana Bartica Grove, Camacusa River and Carimang. 



4 Ex. Brit. Gui 



iana. 



