AMERICAN SYLVICULTURE 



4. Dominated trees with crowns more or less crippled or pressed 

 from the sides, subdivided into two sub-classes, viz.: 



a. Most of crown free from cover overhead. 



b. Most of crown underneath cover overhead. 



5. Trees absolutely suppressed, standing entirely under the cover 

 of others. 



G. Even-aged w^oods; 



Woods, the components of which differ in age by less than 25 

 years, are called " even-aged woods." The struggle for existence 

 between even-aged comrades can be alleviated readily by the for- 

 ester's interference. 



In America, even-aged woods may be formed: 



I. By Long Leaf and by Cuban Pine. 



II. By Jack Pine and Lodgepole Pine. 



III. By Bald Cypress. 



IV. By Douglas Fir. 



V. By Pinus echinata, taeda, strobus, ponderosa, virginiana on 

 abandoned fields. 



H. Distribution of species. 



The vertical distribution of the species depen^'s on the latitude 

 and the proximity of the ocean, or better on sea winds. In the 

 neighborhood of Biltmore, the following altitudes may be given: 



Spruce and Fir — 5,.500 feet. 



Beech— 3,000 to 6,000 feet. 



Hemlock— 3,000 to 3,800 feet. 



Chestnut— 2,000 to 5,000 feet. 



Chestnut Oak— 2,000 to 4,000 feet. 



Pignut Hickory— 3,000 feet. 



Bitternut Hickory— 3,800 feet. 



Black Cherry— 3,500 to 5,000 feet. 



Pinus virginiana — 2,000 to 2,500 feet. 



Pinus strobus— 2,000 to 3,500 feet. 



Yellow Poplar— 2,000 to 4.000 feet. 



Buckeye — i.OOO to 6,000 feet. 



Red Oak— 2,000 to 5,500 feet. 



White Oak— 2,000 to 5,000 'feet. 



Spanish Oak— 2,000 to 3,800 feet. 



Post Oak— 2,000 to 3,000 feet. 



Black Oak— 2,000 to 3.600 feet. 



Echinata— 2,000 to 2,600 feet. 



Rigida— 2,000 to 3,500 feet. 



Pungens— 4,500 feet. 



36 



