AMERICAN SILVICULTURE 



B. The species used for artificial underplanting are 



shade bearers and, if possible, soil improvers, notably Beech, Hard 

 Maple, Fir, Lawson's Cypress, White Pine, Chestnut, Hemlock, etc. 



Spruce is now disliked for underplanting, since it affects the 

 growth of the upper story unfavorably. Seedlings one or two years 

 old are commonly used for underplanting. Dogwood, Black Gum, 

 Witch Hazel, Chinquapin, W^itch Hopple, possibly Kalmia and 

 Rhododendron might be used for underplanting where mere soil 

 protection is desired. 



The primeval hardwoods of the Alleghanies are frequently and 

 densely underplanted with a low jungle formed by Ericaceae. 



Paragraph LXV. Key to the forms of seed for- 

 ests. 



That general condition of a forest is termed its " sylvic form " 

 which is brought about by its type or types of past regeneration, 

 hence by its display of. age classes and by the arrangement of the 

 species exhibited. 



The treatment allotted to the " form " by the forester, provided 

 that it is a systematic treatment, is termed its " sylvicultural 

 system." 



The multitude of forms found in primeval nature is innumer- 

 able, since the " molds " from which the forms are cast, vary 

 indefinitely with every wrinkle of the topography and every varia- 

 tion of the climate. 



Man's interference has tended — at least temporarily — to further 

 increase the multitude of forms. 



It is a hard task to differentiate amongst this huge collection 

 of forms and to arrange the collection into " orders," " families," 

 " genera " and " species " composing it. 



A priori, two great groups of forms might be singled out, 

 namely, " primeval forms " the product of unbiased nature and 

 " second grouth forms " the product of nature influenced by man's 

 interference. This human interference might have been of a char- 

 acter utterly disregarding sylvicultural ends ("culled forms"); or 

 human art might have tried, successfully or imsuccessfully, to lend 

 a helping hand ("cultured forms"). 



Tlie manner in which the various age classes of the forest are 

 mixed within the " orders of forms " is of paramount interest. On 

 this manner of mixing depend: 



I. The manner and the possibility of remunerative lumbering. 

 154 



