A :M E R I C A X S Y L \ I C U L T U R E 



cc. Form raised by planting seeds or seedlings over whole 

 compartments. 



dd. Form raised by underplanting seeds or seedlings over 

 whole compartments, followed by (gradual) removal of the super- 

 strueting trees within less than twenty-five years. 



2. Uneven-aged cultured forms, when the age-classes mixed 

 within a compartment differ by over twenty-five years. 



aa. Form emanating from the long-time shelterwood compart- 

 ment type of n. s. r. 



l)b. Form emanating from strip types, either restocked by 

 n. s. r. or by planting. 



cc. Form emanating from group types of n. s. r., or from 

 planted groups. 



dd. Form emanating fro:n selection types of n. s. r. 



b. Auxiliary cultured, forms of seed forest: 



aa. Form of standards in seed forest, when a limited number 

 of trees are left to grow amongst and with the young growth for 

 a longer or shorter number of years. 



The standards might be left either in scattering groups or 

 individually scattered over the second growth. In the latter case, 

 none but storm-firm species will answer. It is wise to leave the 

 standards in the proximity of roads so as to allow their removal 

 without inflicting damage on the young growth. Species well 

 adapted for standards are: Yellow Pines, Larches, White Oaks, 

 Y'ellow Poplar, Black Locust, Hickory, Walnut, Black Cherry. 

 Shade-bearers and flat-rooted species will not answer the purpose. 



Jt is unwise to leave standards unprepared by the preceding 

 cuttings for the life in the open. Standards set suddenly free will 

 cover themselves rapidly with adventitious branches, will grow stag- 

 headed, will suffer from storm and sleet, and will die without yield- 

 ing the results for which they w^ere left. 



Where the standards shade the yoimg growth too badly, it may 

 be necessary to remove their lower live branches. 



The number of standards left per acre does not usually exceed 

 twenty-five. Very good soil and short rotations allow of an in- 

 creased number. Standards may be, but need not be, of the same 

 species which forms the undergrowth. 



Where the standards do not belong, approximately, to one and 

 the same age-class, there the standard form bastardizes with the 

 uneven-aged forms emanating from the group-type or from the 

 selection type of n. s. r. 



bb. Form of two-storied seed forest, when an upper and a 

 lower leaf canopy is maintained in distinctly separate tiers. 

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