THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



Species adapted to form the lower leaf canopy are; Beech, 

 Hard Maple, BlacK Gum, l-lrs, Hemlocks. The species in the upper 

 story had better have a light-demanding character. The form is 

 created by raising a pole wood (even-aged) of Yellow Pine, Oak, 

 Hickory, Larch, etc.; by early and heavy thinnings from below; by 

 very heavy thinnings after the completion of the principal height 

 growth (year forty to sixty) ; and by planting at the same time 

 either seeds or preferably seedlings of shade-bearing species. Should 

 the undergrowth catch up witn the upper growth, either the one 

 or the other must be removed. The undergrowth preserves the fer- 

 tility of the soil by thorough shading, by the formation of a 

 mixed humus and by increased leaf-fall. It improves the bole- 

 quality of the upper growth, the crowns of the lower growth 

 holding the boles of the upper in close embrace. In addition, it 

 prevents any part of me timber-producing factors of the locaiicy 

 (atmospiiere, light, moisture, soil) from lying unutilized. Usually 

 tlie undergrowth produces firewood, the upper growth timber. 



The so-called " Seebacii's modified high forest " has Beech in 

 the upper as well as in the lower story. The lower story is 

 obtained from self-sown seed of the upper story alter very heavy 

 thinning. Under and upper growth are finally utilized in the same 

 year or in the same period of years. 



III. Treatment of cultured seed forests. 



Regeneration in the cultured form of seed forest takes place 

 in any of the types of n. s. r., or by planting seeds and seedlings. 

 As a rule, natural regeneration is now combined with partial plant- 

 ing. Cleaning and thinning are usually indicated, whilst, as stated, 

 weeding and improvement cutting are not i-equired. 



Paragraph LXVI. Critical remarks on the forms 

 of seed forests. 



A. Attitude of the investor: 



It is almost amusing to observe the diflFerence of attitudes 

 which the statesman, the lumberman and the forester show with 

 respect to the terms " primeval, ' " culled " and " cultured " forests. 



Still, all of these forests are justifiable, at least temporarily, 

 and usually justified by the economic conditions evolving them. 



I. The primeval forest seems to be the " forest in economic 

 stagnation." Its production is no greater than that of barrens; 

 it is nil. Still, fortunes have been made by many investors, 

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