AMERICAN SYLVICULTURE 



However, when transforming primeval woods into cultured 

 woods, the forester should endeavor to retain as much as possible 

 the form originally sanctioned by nature. Such retention is the 

 safest way to sylvicultural success. Still, it usually necessitates 

 heavy investments for permanent means of transportation, and 

 where the owner is unwilling to make them, cuttings by com.- 

 partments or bj' strips are required, which in turn lead to thi; 

 adoption of the advance growth type, shelterwood type, or cleared 

 type of n. s. r. 



The strip form, as mentioned elsewhere, seems to be particu- 

 larly well adapted to meet American needs. 



II. The culled forms of seed forest must be retained by ihc 

 forester in the compartment, group or selection form first en- 

 countered, unless the culling has been particularly light. Impro\e- 

 ment cuttings are not apt to change the form of the forest. Where 

 artificial reinforcing is resorted to, the forest will gradually develop 

 even-aged forms. When after heavy culling the average growing 

 stock per acre is badly reduced, forms allowing of short rotations 

 are indicated, so especially selection forms and standard forms. 

 Frequently in such cases, the high forest is abandoned, and die 

 sprout forest is resorted to. 



III. In the cultured forms, the trend of the times favors uneven- 

 aged forms, notably mixed group forms and narrow strip forms, on 

 account of greater safety. 



Heavy " thinnings from above " are in vogue, frequently in 

 connection with underplanting (or underseeding by n. s. r.). 



Regeneration is effected either by planting compartments, strips 

 and groups, witli or without a shelterwood overhead, or by the 

 various types of n. s. r. 



W^here the deficiency of the growing stock leads to the adoption 

 of short rotations, standard forms, two-storied forms, iinderplanted 

 forms or coppice-under-standard forms must be resorted to. In the 

 latter case, of course, the nigh forest form is thrown overboard. 



Paragraph LXVII. Seed forest by species. 



A. Oaks: The Oaks ajjpear in pure stands but rarely. 



I. Primeval woods.. The primeval seed forest exhibits the Oak: 

 a. As the lower story planted in groups or compartments under- 

 neath an upper story of Long-leaf Pine, Loblolly Pine, Short-leaf 

 Pine; 



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