AMERICAN SYLVICULTURE 



II. Culled seed forests: In slightly culled forests immune from 

 fires, Red Spruce seems to reproduce with remarkable ease. On 

 fired ground, Birches and Cottonwoods frequently act as ushers. 

 Its persistence below an impenetrable leaf canopy of Beech or Maple 

 is surprising. Freed from superstructure, after long years of suf- 

 fering, it answers the chance for rapid growth almost immediately. 



III. Cultured seed forests: Spruce requires high atmospheric 

 moisture; is satisfied with shallow soil; can be readily reproduced 

 by n. s. r. as well as by planting. 



Seed years: Prolific in North Carolina in fall 1901. The trees, 

 top heavy with cones, were mowed dow'n by storms. 



K. White Pine: 



I. Primeval forests: The White Pine of the primeval woods 

 appears in compartments, almost even-aged, or in groups, either 

 pure, or wuth an admixture of hard Maple, Linden, Elm, Yellow 

 Birch; or in the form of standards over Red Spruce and Balsam; 

 or in the selection form, as in the Calmia thickets of Pisgah Forest. 

 It is flat-rooted, subject to windfalls, in the North not tolerant 

 of shade. 



II. Culled seed forest: The gorgeous White Pine forests of 

 the Lake States, after culling followed by fires, are invariably 

 surendered to a shrubbage of hardwoods. Second growth is found 



in beautiful groups underneath Norway Pine; individually sprinkled 

 amongst Jack Pine, Basswood, Birch, etc.; also on old burns in 

 -extensive, even-aged compartments; along roads and at the edge of 

 clearings; in New England on old fields. 



In Western N. C, White Pine regenerates readily on broom- 

 sedge fields; in mixture with the Oaks on the uplands; in mixture 

 with Red Maple and Red Birch in the river swamps, etc. 



III. Cultured seed forests: At Biltmore, the n. s. r. of White 

 Pine started by a few seed trees succeeds easily in the group type. 

 WTiite Pines planted under dense shelter soon require the help of 

 the axe. Individual trees are very retentive of branches. Planta- 

 tions on several hundred acres have done admirably. White Pine 

 is the easiest Pine to plant on old fields, or in groups of the woods 

 after clearing. 



Seed years are frequent at Biltmore, recurring at intervals of 

 two or three years. 



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