THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



L. Yellow Pines: 



i. Primeval forests: The pure group form (Black Hills) or 

 the group form wedded with the compartment form of Oaks reach- 

 ing a lesser height than the Pines seem to be typical. Pine 

 standards are often left. Pinus taeda, divaricata, and murrayana 

 occur in even-aged compartments; P. palustris and P. heterophylla 

 usually occur in groups. 



II. Culled seed forests: 



The culled forest is usually visited by fires which gradually 

 convert an undergrowth of hardwoods, where it exists, into coppice. 

 Beneath Longleaf Pine, this undergrowth begins to sprout only at 

 a time when the mature Pine is removed. 



Where the pure high forest continues, fire has usually improved 

 the chances for n. s. r. by preparing a ready seed-bed and by lessen- 

 ing the severity of future fires. 



All Yellow Pines regenerate prolifically on abandoned fields, 

 often in stands which artificial planting could not produce equally 

 well. 



III. Cultured seed forests: 



The n. s. r. of P. echinata in the Biltmore woods creates nuclei, 

 for small groups which are freed and gradually enlarged. Heavy 

 thinnings, from the early thicket stage on, prevent crowding in the 

 pole stage and thereby check the chances for successful attacks by 

 the bark beetles. Pruning (dead branches only) 100 decidedly pre- 

 destined trees per acre seems remunerative at Biltmore. 



Standard form of P. echinata seems indicated at Biltmore. 



All Yellow Pines are easily planted when one or two years old' 

 and get along without cultivation in the absence of annual weeds. 

 Heavy growth of weeds, on good soil, however, is sure to smother 

 them. 



In pure and large natural regenerations, it is wise to leave 

 some hardwood standards with a view to securing an admixture 

 of hardwood seedlings in due course of time. 



In mixture with White Pine, Yellow Pine is soon subdued on 

 good soil, while it retains the lead on poor soil. 



Seed years of Pinus echinata occur at Biltmore every seven 

 years. The fall of 1902 Avas a prolific breeder of seeds even in pole- 

 woods thirtv-five vears old. 



