AMERICAN' SYLVICULTURE 



Improvement cuttings convert poor coppice shoots interfering 

 with their neighbors from above into healthy coppice shoots press- 

 ing their neighbors helpfully from below. 



B. Cultured forms of sprout forests: 



Xo form of cultured forest can be obtained more easily and 

 more cheaply than the form of cultured coppice. 



In the European hardwood forests, the cultured coppice of the 

 past has often served as the forerunner of the cultured seed forest 

 of the present sylvan era. 



I. Characteristic for cultured coppice is an even stand, a dense 

 stand, absence of undesirable competitors and of tree weeds. 



II. Subdivisions of cultured coppice forms are: 



a. The simple form of cultured coppice, where all shoots have 

 the same age. 



b. The two-storied form of cultured coppice, where the growing 

 stock displays two tiers of leaf canopy, viz., an upper and a lower 

 tier, the age of the tiers differing by half the length of a rotation. 



In addition, a form of " high stumps " is usually distinguished, 

 where trees are cut some six to ten feet above ground and where 

 the shoots forming on such stumps are cut at short intervals. 

 This form, adapted particularly for the production of fascines, is 

 known as: 



c. The pollarding form of cultured coppice. 



In this form, rotations of one to five years are usually adopted, 

 and the " lopping " takes place in the " new wood." The types 

 of this form are found, in the case of Willows, near the levees; 

 and in the case of Mulberry, in the silk-producing districts of the 

 world. 



III. Treatment of cultured coppice forms: 



Regeneration in tlie cultured forms of coppice is, of course, by 

 coppicing, helped by planting stump-plants, cuttings and suckers, 

 or by layering. Regeneration may proceed against the direction of 

 the wind which brings the heavy frosts of spring and fall (blizzard- 

 direction). Cleanings and thinnings are often indicated. 



Paragraph LXXI. Critical remarks on sprout 

 forests. 



The sprout forest furnishes small-sized timber, notablj" fire- 

 wood and farm supplies, but no or little saw timber. Its production 

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