THE ART OF THE SECOND GROWTH 



the standards, which has had ample chance of enlargement during 

 the past " r " years, is cut back to a normal limit. 



The older an age-class is, the smaller is the number of its 

 constituents. 



C. Abnormal formation of overAvood and under\irood: 



A normally proportioned and normally formed overwood is 

 never found. Deficiencies lie 



1. In a lack of one or the other age-class; 



2. In an abnormal number of eo«i»4!1fliliiBiits per class; 



3. In the fact, that the overwood is partially recruited from 

 stoolshoots and not from seedlings. 



Abnormal coppice over-standards is the usual consequence of the 

 culling of primeval hardwoods or of primeval pineries forming a 

 superstructure over Oaks, Hickories, Gums, etc. 



The burned slopes and outskirts of the Alleghanies usually 

 belong to the coppice-under- standard fwn*. The fire-coppiced under- 

 wood here consists of Soft Maple, Calmia, Rhododendron, Chestnut, 

 Oaks, Hickories, Black Gum, Sourwood, Halesia, etc., etc., all of 

 which are usually devoid of value. 



Culled and fired forest of Pinus echinata, taeda and palustris 

 frequently belong to the same form, \dfti Oaks In the underwood 

 and the Pines in the overwood. 



Paragraph LXXIV. Peda^o^ie «f the coppice 

 under standards. 



Coppice under standards is or may be teifded by cleaning, 

 weeding, improvement cutting, pruning and thinning. 



Thinnings are applied to the underwood only; wliilst the over- 

 wood alone is the object of pruning. 



A. Cleaning purports to eliminate undesirable shoots in young 

 coppice, or removes desirable shoots liable to interfere with the 

 development of overwood seedlings imbedded in the coppice. 



B. Weeding removes weed trees, usually tending to form new 

 sprouts from the stumps of the we6d tr»es i-exnoved. Weeding is 

 a necessity where a culled ferest is to be converted into a cultured 

 forest, the culled forest containing a large number of weed trees. 



At Biltmore, the weed trees removed are Black Gum over- 

 shadowing the coppice and th« Pilae sieediiugs standing therein; 



185 



