42 VEGETABLE DRUGS WITHOUT ORGANIC STRUCTURE. 



The more important terpenes are the following : Pineney 

 from various species of Pinus. It is an important con- 

 stituent of turpentine and is one of the few terpenes 

 obtained in a pure state. Artificial camphor is a halogen 

 compound, CjoHjgHCl. Camphene, from volatile oils 

 of ginger, spike, citronella, turpentine, valerian, cam- 

 phor oil, and others. It is the only solid terpene known, 

 all the others being mobile liquids, which on exposure 

 to the air, oxidize and are converted into resins. Limo- 

 nene, from the oils of orange, lemon, bergamot, mandarin, 

 neroli, caraway, dill, fennel, celery, and others, is one of 

 the most widely distributed of the terpenes. Phellan- 

 drene, from the oils of anise, fennel, elemi, star-anise, 

 ginger, curcuma, pepper, camphor, angelica, sassafras 

 leaves, Ceylon cinnamon, golden rod, lemon bay, pepper- 

 mint, etc., is one of the most unstable of the terpenes. 



Another class of hydrocarbons is the sesqui-ter penes y 

 C15H24. These are polymerized products of hemiterpene, 

 CgHg. They have been studied but slightly. Cadineney 

 which is found in many oils, cade, savin, cedarwood, 

 cubeb, asafetida, ylang ylang, camphor, etc., is the most 

 important. Caryophyllene, found in cloves and in bal- 

 sam of copaiba, is another. Humulene is a sesqui-terpene 

 in the oil of hops. 



Alcohols are common in the volatile oils. They are 

 seldom -free alcohols, however, the combinations being 

 with fatty acids and esters. Methyl alcohol, as methyl 

 salicylate, is one of the most widely distributed. Ethyl 

 esters, propyl and butyl combinations, hexyl and octyl 

 alcohols are known. 



Olefin alcohols are also present. Linalool is one of 

 the most important and widespread. It occurs in the 

 oils of spike, lavender, sage, thyme, bergamot, origanum, 

 ylang ylang, sassafras leaf, etc. Linalool acetate is the 

 most important ingredient of bergamot oil. Geranioly 

 di olefinic alcohol, Cj^^H^gO, is isomeric with the former .^ 



