FRUITS. 



Fruits cannot be said to have any particular type of 

 structure. In the main, the official fruits consist of 

 parenchyma tic tissues arranged in different ways, ac- 

 cording to the individual plant under consideration. In 

 addition to this, some vascular elements may be en- 

 countered and also some sclerotic cells. 



CARYOPHYLLUS. CLOVES. 



Caryophyllus, cloves, is the unexpanded flowers of 

 Eugenia aroniatica (Etigenta caryophyllata, Thunb.), a 

 handsome and large evergreen, cultivated in the islands 

 of the Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Penang, in southern India, 

 Africa, the West Indies, South America, and in other 

 tropical regions. 



The cloves of commerce come in large part from the 

 east coast of Africa, and the chief mart is Rotterdam. 



Wild trees contribute but a small proportion of the 

 entire yield. The cloves are gathered from trees which 

 are from six to twelve years old, and after the trees are 

 twenty years old they do not bear well. One tree fre- 

 quently yields from two to four kilos of fruit (Fliickiger). 

 The cloves are gathered just before the corolla of the 

 flower falls off, either by hand or the trees are beaten with 

 sticks and the falling cloves collected on spread-out 

 cloths. 



After drying, the clove becomes characteristically 

 dark-brown and has its own peculiar aroma. Its fracture 

 is short and sharp to waxy. 



Histology. — A section of the solid, stem -like lower por- 

 tion of the clove, technically the hypnanthium, shows the 

 disposition of the tissues as follows: An outer dark- 



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