GENERAL REMARKS ON CAVE FAUNA. 21 



allied to G-ammarus, which lives in small pools of water and is 

 white and blind ; and the cave pill bug, Titanethes albus (Koch.)." 



. In conclusion Schiodte remarks that : 



"We may with propriety apply the collective term Subter- 

 ranean Fauna to those animals which exclusively inhabit caves, 

 and are expressly constructed for such habitations. Still there 

 is nothing in this name which would indicate that these animals 

 have any claim to be considered as a separate group, beyond the 

 mere peculiarity of their common place of abode. While a few 

 of them possess such an extraordinary structure as to stand in no 

 comparison with those animals which inhabit the light, there are 

 others, forming only more characteristic links in the groups of 

 animals more or less shy of light, of which many are found common 

 in the localities of the caves ; and some belong to genera having a 

 wide local, as well as geographical, extension. We are accordingly 

 prevented from considering the entire phenomenon in any other 

 light than something purely local, and the similarity which is ex- 

 hibited in a few forms (Anophthalmus, Adelops, Bathyscia) be- 

 tween the Mammoth Cave and the caves in Carniola, otherwise 

 than as a very plain expression of that analogy, which subsists 

 generally between the fauna of Europe and of North America. 

 Besides, it is clear to me that the fauna of the caves of Carniola 

 consists of two divisions, of which the essential character is refer- 

 able on the one hand to the dark locality, and on the other to the 

 additional confinement to staiactitic formations ; as yet we are not 



ing to Bate and Westwood (British Sessile eyed Crustacea) ' the British examples have 

 been obtained from artificially excavated wells connected with houses for domestic 

 purposes. In some instances the wells have been old, in others but recently dug. In 

 their geological condition the habitats have been equally various. At Corsham the well 

 exists in the Oolite formation, at Ring-wood in chalk-flint gravel, at Mannamead in 

 tlate. At Corsham and Mannamead they are found on a hill, at Ringwood they lie low. 

 The appearance of some of these animals in a well soon after its being excavated, 

 raises a question of considerable interest. Thus they were found at upper Claft'ord, near 

 Andover and at Mannamead, near Plymouth, but not a trace of them was to be found in 

 the Hurroimding streams; in fact they perish in the light. It is impossible to regard 

 them as an extreme variety, or modification of our only fresh water Aniphipod, Gam- 

 marusfluviaiilus, since various parts not only differ in form, but some are altered in char- 

 acter; for example, the extraordinary elongation and slenderness of one of the branches 

 of each of the last pair of caudal appendages seem to be a special structure, having 

 for its object the antenna-like use of a delicate apparatus at the extremity of the body. 

 .... Although we can find no freshwater ally to this genus in the rivers and 

 streams of Europe, yet Bruzelius has taken in the deep sea, near Bohusia, a form which 

 he has described under the name Eriopis elongata, approximating so nearly to it that it 

 appears to be scarcely genetically distinct. 



anus Koch, the embryology of which has been studied by V. St. George) N.fontanu 

 Bate, N. Kochianun Bate. Another generic form is Crangonyx founded by Bate, which 

 also belongs to the subterranean fauna. " A single species as yet is all that has been 

 found in England; but we have little doubt but that Gammarus Ermamii of Mime Ed- 

 wards which was found by M. Ermann in the warm springs of Kamtschatka belongs 

 also to this genus. It, is curious that we should have to record that while the animals 

 of this genus, as in the p:-e:-e .ling(.Niphargtis) inhabit the deep artificial wells, without 

 being known to exist in our rivers and streams, its nearest allied form is to be found 

 in a marine genus, Gammarella." 



