316 EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION ON ORGANS. 



cases be more highly developed, as in Caryophyllaceae, and in Cras- 

 sula rubens (fig. 258 a), and it may even assume the characters of 

 a stamen, which will therefore be opposite the petal, as in 

 Primulaceaj. Some do not consider the production of scales 

 or stamens opposite to the petals, as the result of choriza- 

 tion. Lindley argues against it from what is observed in 

 Camellia japonica, in which the petals are usually alternate ; 

 but, by cultivation, the law of alternation is interfered 

 with, and the parts are so developed that the petals are 

 opposite, and run in several regular lines, from the centre 

 to the circumference. Again, by this process of chorization, 

 one stamen may give rise to several. Thus, in Luliea pani- 

 culata (fig. 316, 1), in place of five stamens there are five 

 000 bundles (fig. 316, 2), composed partly of sterile filaments, fs, 

 and partly of filaments bearing anthers, fa\ and each of these bundles 

 is traced to a deduplication of a single stamen, inasmuch as they arise 

 from one point, and do not follow the law of alternation. Thus, dilami- 

 nation repeats the single organs, and causes opposition of parts. In 

 the case of the four long stamens of Cruciferse (^[ 644), chorization is 

 said to take place by a splitting of the filaments of two stamens ; and 

 thus the two stamens on each side are, by gemination (gemini, twins), 

 normally one. This view is confirmed by cases in which the fila- 

 ments of the long stamens are more or less united ; also, by cases in 

 which the shorter filaments exhibit tooth-like processes on either side, 

 while the longer ones have them only on the outer side. In such 

 cases, the two long filaments, if united, would present the same appear- 

 ance as the shorter ones, and occupy their usual position of alternation 

 with the petals. In some instances, by pelorization (vfruoios, mon- 

 strous), it is found that tetradynamous plants become tetrandrous 

 with equal stamens alternating with the petals. 



655. Cultivation has a great effect in causing changes in the various 

 parts of plants. Many alterations in form, size, number, and adhesion 

 of parts, are due to the art of the horticulturist. The development 

 of cellular tissue and of starchy matter is often thus much increased, 

 as may be seen in the case of Turnips, Carrots, and Potato. The 

 succulence of the leaves of the Cabbage and Lettuce, and the forma- 

 tion of a heart, as it is called, is due to cultivation ; so also the curled 

 leaves of Savoys, Cress, Endive, &c. The changes in the colour and 

 forms of flowers thus produced are endless. In the Dahlia, the 

 florets are rendered quilled, and are made to assume many glowing 

 colours. In Pelargonium, the flowers have been rendered larger and 

 more showy ; and such is also the case with the Ranunculus, the Au- 



Fig. 555. Petal of Ranunculus Ficaria, viewed on the Inside. I, The limb, a, Small scaly 

 appendage at its base formed by chorization or dilamination. 



