RUBIACE^. 



431 



sometimes multilocular, crowned with a fleshy disk ; ovules numerous 

 or solitary, anatropal or amphitropal; style single, sometimes partly 

 divided; stigmas usually 2, more or less distinct (fig. 619). Fruit 

 interior, 2- or many-celled, dry or succulent, either indehiscent or 



splitting into two mericarps (figs. 620, 621). Seeds 1 or many in 

 each cell, in the former case erect or ascending (fig. 619), in the latter 

 attached to a central placenta; albumen copious, horny or fleshy 

 (fig. 622 p) ; embryo small, straight, or slightly curved (fig. 622 e) ; 

 cotyledons leafy ; radicle turned to the hilum. Trees, shrubs, or herbs, 

 with simple, entire, opposite, or verticillate leaves, which have either 

 interpetiolary stipules (fig. 190), or are exstipulate. The order has 

 been divided into two suborders : 1. CinchoneaB, with rounded stems, 

 usually opposite leaves, and interpetiolary stipules (fig. 190), natives 

 of the hotter parts of the world. 2. Galieae, or Stellatffi, with square 

 stems, verticillate leaves, and no stipules; natives of northern and 

 colder regions. Lindley considers these divisions as separate natural 

 orders. Some authors think that the verticillate leaves of Stellatae 

 consist partly of true leaves, and partly of stipules. The order in- 

 cludes nearly 280 genera, and upwards of 2800 known species. Ex- 

 amples Cinchona, Gardenia, Hedyotis, Isertia, Hamelia, Guettarda, 

 Psederia, Coffea, Cephaelis, Psychotria, Spermacoce, Anthospermum, 

 Opercularia, Galium, Eubia. 



Figs. 617-622. Illustrations of the natural order Rubiaceae. 



Fig. 617. Diagram of the flower of Galium Mollugo, belonging to the section Stellatae. Calyx 

 nearly obsolete, corolla rotate, 4-lobed, 4 stamens, and didymous ovary. 



Fig. 618. Flower entire. 



Fig. 619. Flower cut vertically, c, Calyx adherent to the ovary, o, which is 2-celled. p. Co- 

 rolla. e, Stamens surrounding the style and stigmas. 



Fig. 620. Fruit of Rubia tinctoria, Madder. 



Fig. 621. The same, showing the separation of the two carpels. 



Fig. 622. The seed cut vertically, p, Perisperm. e, Curved embryo. 



