432 KUB1ACE.E. 



903. The properties of the order, in general, are tonic, febrifuge, 

 and astringent. Many important articles of materia medica are fur- 

 nished by the plants in the suborder Cinchoneaj. Peruvian or Jesuits' 

 Bark, known under the name of Pale, Yellow, and Red Bark, is pro- 

 cured from various species of Cinchona, which grow abundantly in the 

 district of Upper Peru. The Cinchona trees seem to be confined 

 exclusively to the Andes, within the boundaries of Peru, Columbia, 

 and Bolivia, from 11 north lat. to 20 south lat., chiefly growing at 

 elevations varying from 1,200 to 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, 

 and in a dry rocky soil. There are at least twelve species which are 

 supposed to furnish the barks of Commerce. Great obscurity prevails 

 as to the species whence the various kinds of Cinchona bark are de- 

 rived. The names of Yellow, Red, and Pale Bark have been very 

 vaguely applied, and are by no means well defined. The barks are met 

 with either in thick, large, flat pieces, or in thinner pieces, which curl 

 inwards during drying, and are called quilled. Britain is said to im- 

 port from 225,000 to 556,000 Ibs. annually, and to retain 120,000 Ibs. 

 for home consumption. The chief officinal kinds of bark are: 1. Crown- 

 bark, China-Loxa, a pale bark in quills 6 to 15 inches long, the produce 

 of Cinchona Condaminea, which inhabits the mountains in the vicinity 

 of Loxa, at an elevation of from 5,700 to 7,500 feet. 2. Gray bark, 

 Silver bark, or Huanuco bark, China-Huanuco, another variety of 

 quilled pale bark, obtained from Cinchona micranha, found in the 

 vicinity of Huanuco, in Peru. 3. Yellow bark, China-regia, partly 

 flat, partly quilled, procured from a species of Cinchona, which grows 

 around Apolobamba. 4. Red bark, China-rubra, partly flat and partly 

 quilled, procured from an unknown species of Cinchona. Besides 

 these, there are various inferior kinds of bark met with in commerce, 

 such as Ash bark, China-Jaen, from Cinchona ovata ; hard Carthagena 

 bark, China-flava-dura, from Cinchona cordifolia ; Rusty bark, China- 

 Huamalies, from Cinchona pubescens; Orange bark, from Cinchona 

 lancifolia ; and Red bark of Santa-Fe, from Cinchona magnifolia. The 

 following is the arrangement adopted by Pereira : 



A. True Cinchonas with a Brown Epidermis. 



I. Pale Barks. 



1. Crown or Loxa Bark, Cinchona Condaminea. //. and B. 



2. Gray, or Silver, or Huanuco Bark, Cinchona micrantha, R. and P. (C. 



scrobiculata, H. and B.} 



3. Ash or Jaen Bark. Cinchona ovata, Fl. Peruv. 



4. Busty or Huamalies Bark. C. pubescens, Vahl. (C. purpnrea, 



R. and P. ) 



II. Yellow Barks. 



5. Royal, Yellow, or Calisaya Bark,... Cinchona sp. ? 



III. Red Barks. 



6. Red Bark, Cinchona sp. ? 



