COMPOSITE. 437 



(figs. 277, 279, 626 a). Corolla gamopetalous, ligulate (figs. 301, 

 624) or tubular (fig. 626 p), in the latter case usually 5-toothed, 

 sometimes bilabiate (fig. 625) ; two marginal veins, containing spiral 

 cells, run along each of the corolline divisions, and afterwards proceed 

 along the axis of these divisions ; aestivation valvate. Stamens usually 

 5, alternate with the teeth of the corolla (fig. 626 e) ; filaments dis- 

 tinct ; anthers (figs. 301 a, 624, 625, 626 e) cohering into a cylinder 

 (synantherous or syngenesious). Ovary inferior, closely adherent to 

 the tube of the calyx (figs. 624, 625, 626 o, 634), and undistinguish- 

 able from it, 1 -celled; ovule solitary, erect (figs. 423, 626, 634); 

 style simple, sometimes with collecting hairs (fig. 627) ; stigmas two, 

 distinct (figs. 404, 627-633) or united. Fruit, an achaanium (Cyp- 

 sela, ^[ 542), crowned with the limb of the calyx (fig. 634). Seed 

 solitary, erect, exalbuminous (fig. 634); radicle inferior. Herbs or 

 shrubs, with alternate or opposite, exstipulate leaves, and capitula of 

 flowers (called florets), which are either hermaphrodite or unisexual, 

 and are surrounded by bracts in the form of an involucre (figs. 242, 

 243). Bractlets are sometimes interspersed with the flowers on the 

 receptacle, and are then called palese. Some of the flowers belong to 

 the cyanic, others to the xanthic series (^[ 679). In the same head 

 the flowers are sometimes homochromous (Spo;, similar, and ^o^a, 

 colour), belonging to the same series ; at other tunes they are hetero- 

 chromous (srtgo;, diverse), belonging to different series, the ligulate 

 to the cyanic, and the tubular to the xanthic. 



911. This is one of the largest, and, at the same time, one of the 



Figs. 623-634. Organs of fructification of Composite. 



Fig. 623. Diagram of the flower of a Senecio. The outer dotted circle indicates the pappose 

 limb of the calyx, within it is the tubular corolla with five divisions, next five stamens witli 

 united anthers, and in the centre the 1-celled, 1-seeded ovary. 



Fig. 624. One of the ligulate flowers or florets of Cichorium Intybus, Succory or Chicory, 

 belonging to the section Cichoraceas. o, Ovary completely adherent to the tube of the calyx, the 

 limb of the calyx forming a crown surrounding the base of the ligulate (strap-shaped) corolla, 

 which has five apicilar divisions, e, Cylinder formed by the anthers (synantherous), traversed 

 by the style with its bifid stigma, *. 



Fig. 625. Flower of Chastanthera linearis, belonging to the section Labiattflone. o, Ovary 

 with adherent calycine tube, t, Tube of the gamopetalous bilabiate corolla. I s, Upper lip of the 

 corolla. I i, Lower lip of the corolla. , Tube of the anthers, s, The bifid stigma at the apex of 

 the style. 



Fig. 626. Tubular (flosculous) flower of Aster rubricaulis, belonging to the section Corym- 

 biferas, cut longitudinally, to show the erect ovule, o, enclosed in the pericarp, consisting of tne 

 walls of the ovary, and the calycine tube incorporated, p, United petals, a, Pappus consisting 

 of the altered limb of the calyx. , Stamens with their united anthers, attached to the corolla. 

 *, Style traversing the antherine tube. 



Figs. 627-633. Summits of the styles of plants belonging to different tribes of Composite. Two 

 stigmatic bands are seen bordering the internal surface of the two branches, which terminate 

 each of these styles. Several have collecting hairs at different parts. 



Fig. 627. Summit of the style of Cichorium Intybus, one of the Cichoraceae. 



Fig. 628. Chsetanthera linearis, one of the Labiatiflorae. 



Fig. 629. Thevenotia, one of the Cynareas. 



Fig. 630. Senecio Doria, one of the Senecionidese. 



Fig. 631. Aster adulterinus, one of the Asteroidese. 



Fig. 632. Stevia purpurea, one of the Eupatoriaceae. 



Fig. 633. Vernonia angustifolia, one of the Vernoniaceaa, 



Fig. 634. Ripe fruit (Cypsela) of a Senecio, cut vertically, e, Exalbuminous embryo, with 

 inferior radicle, t, Spermoderm or covering of the erect seed, p, Pericarp consisting of ovarian 

 parietes with the closely-adherent calycine tube. *, Style. 



