438 COMPOSITE. 



most natural families in the vegetable kingdom. The plants were all 

 included by Linnaeus in his class Syngenesia, and were divided into 

 five orders according to the sexes of the florets, and the nature of the 

 involucre. These divisions are given at page 344, under the names 

 Polygamia JSqualis, Superflua, Frustranea, Necessaria, and Segregata. 

 The following series of terms have also been employed to express the 

 nature of the capitula, as regards stamens and pistils : 



1. Homogamous (/*?, alike, and ya/u.tt, marriage), flowers all hermaphrodite 



2. Heterogamous (inftt, diverse), the flowers of the disk (centre) hermaphro- 



dite, those of the ray (circumference) either pistillate (female) only, or 

 neutral, i. e. destitute both of stamens and pistils. 



3. Monoecious, J ? , male and female flowers in the same capitulum. 



4. Heterocephalous (?;;, diverse, and *6?xij, a head), some capitula entirely 



male, others entirely female, in the same plant. 



5. Dioscious, $ : ? , some plants with male capitula only, others with female 



capitula only. 



The following series of terms have been used to express the nature of 

 the capitula, as regards the form and arrangement of the flowers : 



1 . Discoid or Flosculous, corollas all tubular. 



2. Ligulate or Semiflosculous, corollas all ligulate. 



3. Radiate, corollas of the margin or ray ligulate, those of the centre or disk 



tubular. 



4. Falsely-discoid, corollas all bilabiate. 



5. Falsely- tadiate, or radiatiform, corollas of the margin ligulate, those of the 



centre bilabiate. 



912. Jussieu divided the order into three sections: 1. Cynaro- 

 cephalse (cynara, the artichoke), having the flowers all flosculous 

 (tubular) ; involucre hard, conical, and often spiny. 2. Corymbiferse 

 (corymbus, a corymb, and fero, I bear), having flosculous (tubular) 

 florets in the disk (centre), and ligulate (semiflosculous) in the ray 

 (circumference); involucre hemispherical, leafy, or scaly, seldom spiny. 

 3. Cichoracea3 (cichorium, succory), having the florets all ligulate. 

 Another section was subsequently added, containing bilabiate flowers. 



913. De Candolle made the following divisions, which are now 

 pretty generally adopted: 1. Tubuliflorse, hermaphrodite flowers 

 tubular, regularly 5- rarely 4-toothed. Under this section he in- 

 cluded several tribes, in which the distinctions are founded on the 

 nature of the style and stigma in the hermaphrodite flowers. These 

 characters are shown in figs. 629-633, which illustrate the tribes 

 Vernoniacese (fig. 633), Eupatoriacea3 (fig. 632), Asteroidese (fig. 631), 

 Senecionideffi (fig. 630), and Cynareas (fig. 629). 2. Labiatiflorge, 

 hermaphrodite flowers, or at least the unisexual ones, divided into two 

 lips (fig. 625). The subdivisions of this section are also founded on 

 the style and stigma (fig. 628). 3. Liguliflora3 (cichoracea3), all the 

 flowers hermaphrodite and ligulate (fig. 624). The form of the style 

 and stigma is seen in fig. 627. 



