JUGLANDACE^aE GARRYACE.E. 507 



of the Bible, is said by some to be Quercus Cframmuntia. The Beech- 

 tree (Fagus sylvatica), the Horn-beam (Carpinus Betulm), and the 

 Spanish Chestnut (Castanea vesca), belong to the Cupuliferous section 

 of this order. Fagus Forsteri is the Evergreen Beech of South 

 America, found at Terra del Fuego. A species of Beech (F. antarctica) 

 is found in the antarctic regions. 



1038. Order 177. JTngiandace, the Walnut Family. (Apet, 

 Diclin.) Flowers unisexual. Male flowers amentaceous : Perianth 

 membranous, oblique, irregularly-lobed, with a scaly bract. Stamens 

 definite or 00; filaments short, free; anthers dithecal, erect. Female 

 flowers in terminal clusters, or in loose racemes, with separate or 

 united bracts: Perianth single or double, the outer 3-5-parted, inner, 

 when present, in minute separate pieces. Ovary adherent to the peri- 

 anth, 1 -celled; ovule solitary, erect, orthotropal; styles 1-2, very 

 short; stigmas 2-4, fringed or sessile discoid and 4-lobed. Fruit a 

 drupe, sometimes with an adherent involucre; endocarp bony, 2-valved 

 or valveless, 2-4-celled at the base, and 1 -celled at the apex, with 

 partial dissepiments. Seed exalbuminous, 2 -4-lobed, with a mem- 

 branaceous testa; embryo large; cotyledons fleshy, oily and sinuous; 

 radicle superior. Trees with alternate, pinnated leaves, having neither 

 dots nor stipules. They are chiefly natives of North America. There 

 are 4 genera, according to Lindley, and 27 species. Examples Jug- 

 lans, Carya. 



1039. While the plants belonging to this order yield edible oily 

 nuts, their bark is often acrid, and there is frequently bitterness and 

 astringency in the coverings of their fruit and seed. The seeds of 

 Juglans regia, common Walnut, yield a bland oil, which may be used 

 as a substitute for olive-oil. Carya alba yields the American Hickory- 

 nut. Purgative and resinous properties prevail in some of the plants. 

 The timber of many of the trees is valuable. That of the Black Wal- 

 nut (Juglans nigra) has a fine dark- brown colour when polished. 



1040. Order 178. Garry ace, the Garrya Family. (Apet. Diclin.) 

 Flowers unisexual, amentaceous. Male flowers : Perianth of 4 parts. 

 Stamens 4, alternate with the segments of the perianth. Female 

 flowers : Perianth superior, 2-toothed. Ovary unilocular ; ovules 2, 

 pendulous on short funiculi; styles 2. Fruit baccate, indehiscent. 

 Seeds 2; embryo minute, at the base of fleshy albumen. North 

 American shrubs, with opposite, exstipulate leaves. The male plants 

 of Garrya elliptica are commonly cultivated in shrubberies, and are 

 prized for their peculiar silky catkins. Lindley associates with this 

 order the Helwingiaceas, which agree in their unisexual flowers, adhe- 

 rent fruit, pendulous ovules, minute embryo, at the base of solid 

 albumen. There are 2 known genera, and 6 species. Example 

 Garrya. 



