510 CONIFERS. 



Larix. Leaves flat, annual. 



Cedrus. Leaves tetragonous, perennial. 



B. Scales 1-seeded, seed adnate to the scale, and not separating from it, 

 anthers multilocular. 



Araucaria (JEutassa and Altingid). 



C. Scales 1- or many-seeded, seeds free, anthers bi- tri- or multi-locular. 



Dammara. Anthers multilocular. 

 Cunninghamia. Anthers trilocular. 

 Arthrotaxis. Anthers bilocular. 



2. Cupressinese, the Cypress tribe : ovules erect ; fruit an indurated cone (fig. 



477), or fleshy, with the scales connected, forming a galbulus (fig. 478) 

 embryo di- or poly-cotyledonous. Examples Cupressus, Juniperus > 

 Thuya, Taxodium, Cryptomeria, Callitris. 



3. Taxinese, the Yew tribe : anthers usually bilocular, with longitudinal dehis- 



cence : fertile flowers, solitary, terminal ; ovule solitary, sessile in the cen- 

 tre of a fleshy disk, when in fruit forming a sort of drupe (fig. 442) ; embryo 

 dicotyledonous. Examples Taxus, Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Phyllocladus, 

 Salisburia. 



4. Gnetacete, the Joint-fir tribe: male flowers with a perianth, anthers uni- or 



quadri-locular, opening by a short cleft ; ovules with a projecting process 

 formed from the intimate covering of the nucleus ; seed solitary ; embryo 

 with along spirally-twisted funiculus; stems jointed; zones of wood, often 

 separated by marked cellular circles (fig. 104). Examples Gnetum, Ephedra. 



The order embraces 31 known genera, and 165 species, according to 

 Lindley. Zuccarini enumerates 208 species of Coniferae, in the nor- 

 thern hemisphere, 165, and in the southern, 51 ; some species being 

 common to both hemispheres. 



1044. The plants of this order furnish valuable timber, and yield 

 various important products, such as turpentine, pitch, and resin. The 

 various kinds of Pine, Fir, Spruce, and Cedar, belong to this family. 

 Eutassa {Araucaria) excelsa is the Norfolk-island Pine, famed for its 

 size and for its wood. Cedrus Libani is the Cedar of Lebanon, the p 

 of the Bible, while Cedrus Deodara is the Deodar or Himalayan Cedar. 

 By exudation, and partly by the aid of heat, the plants of this order 

 yield various kinds of turpentine, resin, tar, and pitch. Common 

 turpentine is procured from Pinus sylvestris, the Scotch Fir, Pinus 

 Pinaster, the Cluster Pine, and var. maritima, Bourdeaux Pine, Pinus 

 palustris, Swamp Pine, and Pinus Tceda, Frankincense Pine. Oil 

 of turpentine is obtained from it by distillation. Venice turpentine 

 and Strasburg turpentine are the produce of Abies Picea (Abies or 

 Picea pectinata), the Silver Fir, and Larix europcea, the Larch ; while 

 Canada Balsam is collected from Abies or Picea balsamea, Balm of 

 Gilead Fir, and A. canadensis, Hemlock Spruce. Dammara australis, 

 the Kawrie-tree of New Zealand, yields a hard resin, and so does D. 

 orientalis, the Amboyna Pitch-tree. Callitris quadrivalvis (Thuya 

 articulata), the Arar-tree, supplies a solid resin called Sandarach or 

 Pounce, which is used to strew over manuscripts. Thus, or Common 



