524 BROMELIACEJE LILIACE.E. 



1073. Order 194. Bromeiiacete, the Pine-apple Family. (Mono- 

 perigyn.) Perianth tubular, 6-divided, in 2 verticils; outer whorl 

 (calyx) persistent, more or less adherent to the ovary ; inner petaloid, 

 marcescent or deciduous, with imbricated aestivation. Stamens 6, in- 

 serted into the base of the segments of the perianth ; anthers introrse. 

 Ovary either free or partially adherent, 3-celled; ovules 00, anatropal; 

 style single ; stigma 3-lobed or entire, often twisted. Fruit capsular 

 or succulent (figs. 256, 474), 3-celled. Seeds 00 ; embryo minute, 

 curved or straight, lying in the base of mealy albumen ; radicle next 

 the hilum. Stemless or short-stemmed plants, with rigid, channelled 

 leaves, which are often spiny at the margin, and are covered with 

 scurfy matter. Natives of the warm parts of America chiefly. There 

 are 23 genera, according to Lindley, and 170 species. Examples 

 Bromelia, Ananassa, Tillandsia, Bonapartea. 



1074. The plants of this order are all more or less epiphytic, being 

 able to grow without any direct attachment to the soil. In hothouses 

 they are frequently kept suspended in moistened moss. Some of 

 the Tillandsias are hung from balconies in South America as air- 

 plants. Tillandsia usneoides has the appearance of the Beard-moss (a 

 lichen commonly seen on trees in Britain), and it is used for stuffing 

 cushions, &c. The plant has been called Tree-beard or Black Moss. 

 The leaves of Tillandsias frequently contain much water in then* hol- 

 lo wed-out bases. The fruit of Ananassa sativa is well known as the 

 Pine-apple or Ananas (fig. 256). It is an anthocarpous fruit, consist- 

 ing of numerous flowers and bracts united together, and becoming 

 succulent. The fruit is more or less acid in the wild state, but when 

 cultivated it becomes sweet and highly aromatic. The fibres of the 

 leaves are used in the preparation of fine muslins. The woody fibres 

 of many Bromelias are used in manufactures. The crown of the Pine- 

 apple consists of the leaves arising from the prolonged axis (fig. 474/). 



b. Perianth free, Ovary superior, Flowers usually hermaphrodite. 



1075. Order 195. Uliacete, the Lily Family. (Mono-perig. and 

 Mono-hypog.) Flowers usually bisexual. Perianth coloured, in 2 

 rows, regular, with 6 divisions (figs. 259, 260, 748, 749). Stamens 

 6 (fig. 538), perigynous, inserted into the segments of the perianth 

 (figs. 259, 748, 749) ; anthers introrse (fig. 750 e). Ovary free, 3-celled 

 (fig. 749); ovules 00; style 1; stigma simple or 3-lobed (figs. 259, 

 260, 750 s). Fruit 3-cened, either succulent or dry and capsular. 

 Seeds numerous, packed one above the other in 1 or 2 rows (fig. 750); 

 embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen (fig. 751). Herbs, shrubs, or 

 trees, with bulbs, (figs. 207209), or tubers, or arborescent stems, or 

 rhizomes (fig. 90) ; leaves not articulated, usually narrow, with parallel 

 veins. They are found both in temperate and tropical climates. In 



