GRAMINE^I. 



537 



making chair bottoms. Some of the Carices, with their creeping stems, 

 tend to bind together the loose sand on the sea-shore. 



1097. Order 2 10. Graminete, the Grass Family. (Mono-hypogyn.) 

 Flowers usually $ , sometimes unisexual or polygamous ; 1, 2, or 

 more (some occasionally abortive), are attached to a common axis, 



J7* 



AV 



Figs. 760-765. Organs of fructification of Avena sativa, common cultivated Oat, to illustrate 

 the natural order Gramineae. 



Figs. 760. Spikelet of the Oat. a, Axis of inflorescence or rachis, g e, Exterior or lower 

 glume, g i, Inner or upper glume. //, Inferior fertile flower, /a, Two upper abortive flowers. 



Fig. 761. The same spikelet with the envelopes separated to show the internal parts, a a, 

 Axis of inflorescence, g e, Outer glume, g i, Inner glume, p e, Outer palea of the fertile flower, 

 with its awn (arista), p i, Inner palea, cleft at the apex, and apparently formed by two united. 

 e, Three stamens, o, Pistil consisting of the ovary, and two styles, /a, Two abortive flowers. 



Fig. 762. Diagram of the spikelet g e, Outer glume, g i, Inner glume, p e, Outer palea 

 with awn; the inner palea being opposite, e, Stamens, o, Pistil II, Scales or lodiculse. 

 /'s,/s, Barren flowers. 



Fig. 763. Fertile flower deprived of glumes and pale*, e, Three stamens with versatile 

 cleft anthers, p, Scales (squamse or lodiculae) partially united, o, Ovary ultimately forming 

 the grain, which consists of pericarp and seed combined. *, Two styles with feathery 

 stigmas. 



Fig. 764. Vertical section of the Caryopsis (fruit or grain), with the upper portion cut off. 

 1 1, Integuments of the caryopsis and of the seed united, p p, Perisperm. e. Embryo, r, Radicle. 

 c a. Cotyledon. /, Slit corresponding to the plumule. 



Fig. 765. Embryo separated, r, Radicle, c a, Cotyledon. /, Slit corresponding to the 

 plumule. 



