618 MODE OF COLLECTING PLANTS INSTRUMENTS. 



Pollen. Acacia, Lily, Pa;ony, Passionflower. 



Pollen-Tubes. CEnothera, Antirrhinum, Linaria, Eschscholtzia, Gesnera. 



Ovules. Vallisneria, Armeria. 



Embryo. Tropzeolum, Draba. 



Section of Indurated Cells. Seed of Ivory-palm, Doom-palm, Betel-palm, 



Terminalia, endocarp of Coco-nut, pericarp of Attalea, scale of cone of 



Stone-pine. 

 Spores, Sfc, Equisetum, Fern, Moss, Jungermannia, Peziza, Agaricus, 



Tyndaridea Thwaitesii in conjugation, Cylindrocystis and Zygnema in 



conjugation, spores of Fucus canaliculatus germinating, Spermatozoa-cells 



of Chara. 

 Fossil Exogens. Whitby, Craigleith, Tweedmill, Lough Neagh, Kergue- 



lens-land, Ohio, Scarborough, Allen-Bank, Folkestone, Egge, Norway, 



Harwich, Botany Bay, Newcastle, Isle of Thanet, Lennel Braes. 

 Fossil Endogens. Antigua. 

 Fossil DiatomacecB. In Premnay Peat. 

 Section of Surturbrand Lignite. Iceland. 

 Sections of Brown Coal. Devonshire and Hessia. 

 Sections of Coal. Lesmahagow, Newbattle, Monkland, Arniston. 



II. ON COLLECTING AND EXAMINING PLANTS, AND ON THE FORMATION OF A 

 HERBARIUM. 



1202. Instruments and Apparatus. In examining the characters of 

 plants with a view to classification, the chief instruments required are a 

 lancet-pointed knife, a small pair of forceps, and a lens. In more minute 

 examinations, the simple or compound microscope must be called into re- 

 quisition. In selecting specimens, care should be taken to have the plants 

 in a perfect state, or with all the characteristic parts present. The entire 

 plant should be taken when practicable ; when that is not the case, then those 

 parts should be taken on which the generic and specific characters are founded. 

 The roots should always be carefully washed at the time the plants are gathered. 

 In most cases, particularly in specimens of Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Compositae, 

 Rosae, &c., it is of importance that both flowers and fruit should be preserved. 

 In the case of Willows, the young shoot, with its fully developed leaves, as well 

 as the male and female flowers, are requisite. In Rubi, specimens of the young 

 shoots must be taken. When bulbs or tubers exist, they should be preserved, 

 either in an entire or split condition ; and when there is much mucilaginous 

 matter in them, they may be enveloped in small pieces of paper, so as to prevent 

 them from adhering to the drying paper. In the case of Ferns, two fronds are 

 necessary to make a perfect specimen, showing both surfaces, along with a 

 portion of the rhizome. Entire specimens of Gramineae, and Cyperacea, 1 , should 

 be collected ; these, when long, may be bent into one or more folds, correspond- 

 ing to ttte size of the paper on which they are to be fastened, the folds being 

 temporarily retained by small slips of paper having slits in the centre. No bad 

 specimens ought to be preserved. The size of the paper recommended for 

 forming a herbarium is about 17 by 10| inches. It ought to be stiff paper fit 

 for writing upon. The size of the paper will determine that of the specimens 

 to be dried. 



1203. In taking up the roots of plants, a small Diqqer or trowel is used, 7 



